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INTRODUCTION
The air conditioning is meant the term creation and automatic necessary standards of the air environment in a premise(room) or a construction. Generally concept standard of air includes his(its) following parameters: temperature, humidity, speed of movement, cleanliness, the maintenance(contents) of smells, pressure, gas structure and ionic structure. Depending on purpose(assignment) of served object choose required standards of the air environment, the most important for concrete conditions of application. As a rule, for usual objects of industrial and civil construction required standards of the air environment are limited only to a part of the listed parameters. The air conditioning is provided with application of special systems. (HARD CURRENCY) is meant the term of a central air of air a complex of the devices intended for creation and automatic maintenance in served premises(rooms) of given sizes of parameters of the air environment. The specified complex can include the following six components: 1) installation of an air conditioning (), providing necessary standards of the air environment on to qualities, cleanliness, gas structure and presence of smells; 2) means of automatic control and the control of preparation of air of the necessary standards in , and also maintenance in a served premise(room) or a construction of a constancy of the given sizes of parameters of air; 3) devices for transportation and distribution of conditioned air; 4) devices for transportation and removal(distance) of surpluses of internal air; 5) Devices for muffling the noise caused by work of elements of hard CURRENCY; 6) devices for preparation and transportations of energy sources (an electric current, cold and warm environments), devices necessary for work in HARD CURRENCY. Depending on concrete conditions some components of hard CURRENCY can be absent. Classification of hard CURRENCY can be lead(carried out) to the following five attributes: to purpose(assignment), character of communication(connection) with a served premise(room), a way of supply by a cold, the circuit of processing of air in and size of the pressure developed by fans. To destination the hard CURRENCY can be subdivided into three kinds: technological, technological - comfortable and comfortable. Automobile HARD CURRENCIES are comfortable, they should provide optimum conditions for the driver. Serviceability and state of health of the person are appreciably defined(determined) by thermal balance of his(its) organism and are optimal in conditions of environmental air environment at a level of thermal comfort.
ROLE of CLIMATIC INSTALLATION
The automobile is a house on wheels. Many of us will carry out(spend) here a considerable part of life. Fresh pure(clean) air, it is warm or a cool - necessary elements of comfort without which any trip will turn in torture. When the majority of automobiles had open bodies, the driver simply "bathed" in fresh air. As the air environment along roads remained rather pure(clean). When time of the closed bodies in the summer in a tin box it became intolerable has come is stuffy. Fresh air acted through before a windscreen, and left - through windows with the lowered(omitted) glasses. Drafts, inevitable at such system of ventilation, it was possible to get rid with the help of rotary window leaves in forward doors. To heat interior long time was considered as luxury. On medical automobiles GAS - 55 of pre-war years the compartment for transportation of patients was warmed with the warm air acting from a special shirt around of an exhaust pipe. The primitive design, not allowing to adjust a stream of heat, have quickly overlooked. The best decision appeared a water heater (representing itself small More advanced system of streams ( a chord ). The driver and passengers are provided with independent air lines with independent adjustment of temperature. Radiator with the fan), connected in parallel system of liquid cooling of the engine. Intensity of heating was adjusted by the crane of submission of hot water and before a windscreen. Gradually water heaters have come in wide use. These not only warmed legs of the driver and the passenger sitting by a number(line), but also served "" () a windscreen. (But sometimes heaters were used with the opposite purpose. In due time - in 50-60- years at us in the country were very popular highway races on cars. As a line direct sites of roads in length of 100-200 kilometers, as a rule, served. The raised(increased) thermal mode of the forced motors forced racers to search for additional ways of cooling. And when in middle of a distance the temperature of water started to creep for one hundred , it was necessary to include - the heater working "to the full extent" helped to rescue a radiator from boiling.) The block - sheaf a water heater - the fan many decades acted in a role of the basic climatic installation in the automobile. Systems of regulation of temperature, mixing and distribution of hot and cold air were gradually improved. Automobiles where warmly moved in a zone under back , pleasantly warming legs of passengers have appeared. The further technical improvements have allowed to direct hot air interior (to legs), warm - approximately in the middle (on a level of a belt(zone) and a breast), and cold - upward (to the person). Three-layer - on height - distribution of warm air has resulted in significant complication of monitors of a heater. Inquiries of consumers with each year all became more various and more refined . Therefore now in many new models the driver and passengers can independently, everyone to the taste adjust temperature of a stream of air and some other characteristics. With arrival at which, as is known, are possible(probable) also three-row sitting, it was necessary to create even more complex(difficult) systems of heating and ventilation. On some models warm (or cold) air acts to a back number(line) of armchairs. On separate models of an average and maximum(supreme) class submission air on glasses of forward doors through air lines with rubber accordions is stipulated - such heating became necessity: in cold time through the misted over windows of forward doors external mirrors of a back kind are not visible. Air intake from climatic installation ( - ) to all seats in two planes through air lines. And heaters became more powerful - their fans already began to equip three, five and multistage regulators of speed. And the fan year from one year was done(made) more and more productive. In hot time, it is especial if in the machine except for the driver there are also passengers, the intensive exchange of air is necessary. If in 50th years the fan at the best (and only on such expensive(dear) automobiles as "Rolls-Royce" or "") "banished" through interior of 150-180 cubic metre of air at one o'clock now this parameter has grown in 2,5-3 times! But the trouble - in a zone of highways as the transport stream began much more intensively, has sharply increased a gassed condition harmful emissions, a soot, a rubber dust and, in result, the filtration of air acting in interior was required. Such filter catching almost 100 % of particles weighed in air in the size not less five micron and detaining even some gaseous impurity, is placed after lattices with the basis of a windscreen. Filtering loose leaf should be changed approximately once a year or after run in 15 thousand kms. Sometimes there is a sense completely to isolate interior of the automobile from an external atmosphere (in road fuses, tunnels, at movement behind the diesel lorry convoy etc.). As rotary window leaves in doors already for a long time nobody does(makes), door are very reliable, and cracks and in a body practically are not present through apertures to achieve tightness of interior quite really. The fan "will drive" in the closed internal space of the machine the same volume of air - it(him). Certainly, long time to keep such mode it will be not possible - oxygen from air gradually "". But as a temporary way out it is necessary and useful. The filter on an input(entrance) in system of ventilation and heating ("-". Clears air of firm particles in the size not less than 5 micron and pollen. Good climatic installation, that is effective heater and the fan, even more often equip with managing automatics: the computer, being guided on the temperature given by the driver in interior, will read out indications of gauges outside of a body and inside and to give commands(teams) to cranes, electromotors, and to other devices, and, thus, is constant to support a necessary temperature mode. For today the automatic climate - control equips many models, switching and small-displacement. But the climate - control should be able not only raise, but if it is necessary and to lower temperature in the automobile. To establish in interior more cool and less damp "weather", than behind a window, it is possible only with the help of the conditioner. With this complex(difficult) unit of the machine, as a rule, are completed on the factory - manufacturer under the order of the buyer, and for an additional payment. Installation directly at the dealer will cost in 1,5 - 2 times more dearly(expensively), than on the conveyor. 1. The condenser established before a radiator. 2. A drier (divides(shares) liquid and gaseous forms). 3. (throttle) valve In the conditioner on the closed contour of pipelines the compressor "drives" - gaseous substance ("freon" or R134-and) which cyclically passes in a liquid phase and on the contrary - thus it is periodically cooled and "takes away" heat from air acting in interior. Control panel climatic installation ( 3-rd series). On the display - temperature behind a board (19) and in interior (22). Buttons at the left - three levels of submission of air. Left bottom - an automatic mode . The second from below the button in a right number(line) includes air. The compressor, the condenser with the fan, a drier, the climatic block with and managing devices borrow(occupy) rather significant volume. Units of climatic installation can not be placed under the panel of devices any more as it happened before. Elements of the condenser began to have in a motor compartment, as well as the block the heater - fan with the filter. Only functions of management are concentrated still on the panel of devices. As a whole all climatic installation, in which systems of ventilation, heating, a filtration of air, the conditioner and managing automatics are making elements, can be applied on cars of any class. So, for last two decades we have gone through literally revolution - now it is possible to speak about a climate and weather with reference to the automobile. PRINCIPLE of ACTION of the central AIR The air conditioning is temperatures, humidity, and air. Air-conditioning the automobile simply artificial cooling of air, but also creation of comfort for the driver and passengers is similar is not by maintenance of a microclimate inside interior, removal(distance) of a moisture, a dust and polluted air. At greasing by spirit of a leather(skin) it is possible to feel a cool, it is connected by that spirit, evaporating with surfaces of a leather(skin) takes away heat. Similarly the cool arising at of water in a court yard on summer, explains evaporation of the latent heat which is taken away from air above a surface of the ground. Speak, that in olden time in India water in a clay tub for cooling for night put outside. It is possible to explain it to that external air, with a surface of a tub, takes away latent heat from the water gradually evaporating as a result of passage through numerous apertures of a surface of a tub, and does(makes) water of a tub cold. If to put in order stated action of a central air leans(bases) on 3 following physical laws: The law 1. Heat always moves from a physical body with high temperature in a physical body with low temperature. Warmly is one of kinds of energy, and the temperature - one of units of measurements of size of energy. The law 2. For transformation of a liquid into a gaseous condition it is necessary warmly. For example, at evaporation of water the torch occurs the big absorption of quantity(amount) of heat, and the temperature of water does not change, on the contrary, if from gaseous substance to take away heat it turns to a liquid. The temperature at which boils water and it turns out water pairs, is connected to pressure. The boiling point raises with increase of pressure. The law 3. If to compress gas the temperature and pressure of gas grow. For example, if in the diesel engine the piston goes upwards - downwards, the temperature of air rises because of compression. Thus if in the cylinder fuel immediately there will be an explosion of a mix will be injected. If the above-stated laws to apply be relative to a basis cycle of cooling it looks as follows. The coolant in a liquid condition, turning in gaseous, absorbs from an atmosphere warmly (laws 1 and 2). High-temperature gas, being compressed, reaches(achieves) high temperature, the little bit greater, than temperature of air (the law 3). Air (the temperature is lower, than temperature of gas in system), absorbing warmly, transforms gas into a liquid (laws 1 and 2). The liquid, to an index point of a cycle, is used again. WAYS of FREEZING For reception of low temperature it is enough to take away "latent" heat of evaporating substance, which two ways. The first way is use of spirit or water and "latent" heat of evaporation from environmental substances. The second way is a freezing with use of a coolant, and also chemical and mechanical installations. If to present, that now the court yard is watered instead of water with the substance having the big "latent" heat it is possible to feel not only a cool, and a cold. Though a similar way it is possible to receive low temperature, but with the purpose of safety and profitability of operation the special device named a refrigerating machinery is created. CYCLE of COOLING OR AS the CONDITIONER WORKS The coolant circulates lines of the closed contour and his(its) making parts. Similar cycles the coolant is compelled to repeat, and it refers to as a cycle of a coolant. The phenomenon arising depending on of a coolant within the limits of a cycle, are connected to change of each value of pressure and temperatures at transformation of a coolant into gas and condensation again in a liquid. The system of cooling leans(bases) on several constant physical laws. Similar laws follow from discussion about what phenomena are caused with a coolant at work of system of cooling. Gas a coolant is soaked up and compressed by the compressor up to high temperatures and pressure (80 With, 15 kg / sm2) and then is issued. The coolant issued from the compressor, acts on the condenser and is compulsorily cooled by the fan of system of cooling, thus giving "latent" heat of condensation to air which is taking place through the condenser, turns to a liquid. it makes about(near) 50 With. The coolant transformed into a liquid after removal(distance) of a moisture and a dust in a receiver - drier acts on the valve. The liquid coolant of a high pressure in the valve, sharply extending, turns to a coolant of a misty condition with low temperature and pressure (-2 With, 2,0 kg / sm2), such further flows on the evaporator. Coolant in a misty condition, in the evaporator and passing through the fan. Taking away "latent" heat of evaporation at compressed air, cools air in a vicinity. Simultaneously with cooling from misty turns to a gaseous condition and it is soaked up by the compressor for a repeated cycle. In a similar way the coolant, repeating on a cycle, carries out cooling. In general(common), for transformation of gas into a liquid, it is enough to force pressure, but for simplification of transformation into a liquid simultaneously with a forcing of pressure and cool. For this purpose in modern refrigerating machineries the compressor and the condenser.
WHAT IS the COOLANT
The coolant is easily flying substance playing a role of the transmitter of heat at inside a contour of cooling system. Is present kinds of a coolant, and in to a number(line) are available: R-11, R-12, R-14, R-21, R-22. From them in automobiles freon R-12 is applied. Attention! The reason of impossibility of use in automobiles of other coolants lines are the following features: R-11: If to exceed a boiling point 23,77 With it is well distributed in oils. Therefore use as clearing means of system A/S of the automobile. R-14: the Point of temperature of transformation of gas in a liquid -45,5 With, which very low. R-21: Though it is weak, but the boiling point is poisonous and high. R-22: Has properties of dissolution of rubber, it is impossible to use linings from rubber. Features gas R-12 used in automobiles, the following: The "latent" heat of evaporation is great and easily turns to a liquid. Does not burn and does not blow up. It is chemically steady and does not vary. It is not poisonous. There is no property of oxidation. Does not spoil food stuffs and clothes. It is easy to get.
OZONE CLOUDS of the ATMOSPHERE
As an atmosphere it is understood layers of various gases (N2, 2, 2, etc.), not capable to fly in external system because of terrestrial gravitation. These layers depending on height of an arrangement are divided(shared) on troposphere, a stratosphere, and . Especially in a stratosphere at height of 15-35 kms layers 3 which refer to as "ozone clouds". With the beginning of the introduction into 20 century development of a science and the engineering, connected with growth of the industry and a standard of living of people, has caused a problem of environmental contamination. In connection with a deepening of such problems as destruction of ozone clouds "hothouse" effect (rise in temperature of an atmosphere of Globe), acid rains, pollution of sea waters, for acceptance of measures on elimination of similar problems were accepted the Montreal report from June, 29, 1990 which includes rules of restriction of application of substances destroying ozone clouds. Recently in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) openly the meeting of the United Nations on development of environment(Wednesday) also is achieved the decision of studying of specific proposals on protection of an environment of Globe. According to the Montreal report, on restriction of application of the substances destroying layers, it was accepted objects of 5 substances lines: R-11, R-12, R-113, R-114, R-115. Though on terms since 1986 restriction of application was determined in 1995 - 50 %, 1997 - 85 %, 2000 - 100 % of a level, recently USA, the EU and other advanced countries have sharply toughened terms of realization of the Montreal report and have brought the offer on reduction of term of an interdiction since January, 1994 up to 85 %, and since January, 1996 - full prohibition of manufacture and application of the substances destroying ozone clouds.
NEW COOLANT And HIS(ITS) FEATURES And ADVANTAGE
The conditioner in which new coolant R-134 instead of former R-12 is applied has appeared. Till now a coolant of the automobile conditioner was R-12. That from itself represents this gas - it is not known. And only after publication of the theory that not spread out freon at achievement of layers of a stratosphere in a plenty is allocated in troposphere of Globe and destroys ozone clouds, being decomposed under influence of strong ultra-violet beams from space, application of a coolant of the automobile conditioner became limited.
COMPRESSOR OIL
It is applied - oil (G) with a coolant (R-134) and mineral with (R-12). In automobiles with a new coolant (R-134) as greasing of a sealing ring at work in connecting parts compressor oil with the specification used in present coolants (R-12) is applied. At work of the trunk main and highways care as during greasing by compressor oil of a new coolant (R-134) on a sealing ring there is a phenomenon is required. At work on the trunk main and highways, than care as by comparison of absorbability of compressor oil of a new coolant (R-134) with other things being equal its(her) value approximately in 180 times is higher is required from compressor oil nowadays used coolant. At compressor oil at automobiles with a new coolant (R-134) the volume of refuelling is those, that at automobiles with a present coolant (R-12).
