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PRINCIPLE of ACTION And TYPE of REFRIGERATING MACHINES
refrigerating machines are invented (1810.) and (1850.). Water-ammoniac refrigerating machines Karre have appeared for 25 years before ammoniac machines (, 1875.). Circular process machines is carried out by the working mix of substances (solutions) consisting of two components. These substances have different temperatures of boiling at the same pressure. One component is the refrigerating agent, another - an absorber (absorbent). In an absorber (absorbent) the solution with small concentration of the refrigerating agent acts and absorbs the pairs formed in the evaporator. The absorbent replaces here soaking up party(side) of the mechanical compressor. The strong solution from an absorbent submits to a boiler warmed with a source of heat. The solution is evaporated, formed pairs are burnt in the condenser. The boiler, thus, performs work of the delivery party(side) of the mechanical compressor (fig. 5). Figure 5. The elementary circuit central airs Points 1 - 8 - a condition of working substance. Hence, in to the refrigerating machine the mechanical compressor will be transformed in thermal. Circular process refrigerating machines is characterized by the following features: Temperatures of absorption and evaporation at constant pressure and also depend on initial and final concentration of a solution: The weak solution absorbs the pairs, available at the same pressure lower temperature. In the elementary to the refrigerating machine of continuous action between boiler warmed usually the ferry, and absorbent cooled by water, the working solution, for example, ammonia in water, which weight concentration circulates? Changes. Ammonia is the refrigerating agent, and water - an absorbent. Water-ammoniac pump N submits a strong solution of the big concentration to a boiler? r at pressure of condensation and temperature t1. The significant part formed in a boiler ammonia at temperature t5 acts in condenser Kd, in which together with pairs water . A weak solution of concentration? And at temperature t2 in regulating gate RV1 up to pressure of boiling and temperature t3, then goes to absorber where the pairs acting from the evaporator And are absorbed. Warmly absorption it is allocated(removed) by cooling water. The solution becomes strong? r and at temperature t4 moves the pump back in boiler n. It the cycle of the solution proceeding at variable temperatures of absorption and evaporation, is finished. Formed in boiler n of pairs concentration? 5 in condenser Kd and the liquid acts through throttle gate RV2 in the evaporator And. Pairs from the evaporator Also it is absorbed in absorber by a weak solution of concentration? And. Elements of circular process , and Also do not differ from the same elements the refrigerating machine. Such the refrigerating machine of continuous action in comparison with others is most simple, but energetically is not perfect. Thermal profitability the refrigerating machine can be raised(increased) by rectification of an evaporated solution (branch ammonia from water). Then in condenser Kd almost pure(clean) pairs ammonia of concentration act?, close to 1. Apply also regenerative in which the strong solution is heated up to receipt in a boiler, a weak solution leaving him(it). More complex(difficult) regenerative processes are possible(probable) also. Driving mechanism refrigerating machines of continuous action is only pump N which is pumping over a strong solution in a boiler. Except for liquid absorbents, apply firm absorbents - chloride calcium, chloride lithium and other salts.
AIR CENTRAL AIRS
At use of an air central air reception of a cold manages more dearly(expensively), than in other systems of cooling. Appreciably it is defined(determined) by complexity of system of cooling which, in turn, is connected to technological difficulties of manufacturing of its(her) units, the big number of units, in their significant cost etc. At designing air system by the most difficult there are two problems(tasks): reception of the greatest possible difference between temperatures of an input(entrance) and an output(exit) of processable air (in these types of machines it(he) happens by a constant in a wide interval of temperatures) and reception of the maximal effect devices. Feature of conditioners with air system of cooling is also the big capacities for a drive . On one of such conditioners with air system of cooling (fig. 6) Figure 6. 1 - the filter; 2 - a drier; 3 - the compressor; 4 - air ; 5 - a refrigerator; 6 - the fan; 7 - the valve; 8 - the crane. Atmospheric air in system of the conditioner the compressor 3, preliminary being exposed to clearing of a dust in the filter 1. air it is made in the driers 2 established in front of the compressor. To make air by condensation or waters due to deep expansion in it is inexpedient, as it is connected to increase of dimensions of the last and capacities of the compressor. Heated up as a result of compression in the compressor working air preliminary is cooled by atmospheric air in ????-air 4. Deeper cooling of air is made in 5. Work of expansion is transferred the fan by means of which cooling atmospheric air is stretched through 4. The ambassador air through the crane 8 acts in object. The crane 8 is intended for maintenance of the given temperature mode in object by displacement of refrigerating air with the hot air brought on an air pipe through the valve 7. the CONCLUSION
We count, that the central air of the automobile is very necessary, and is especial in maintained in the countries of a "eternal" summer(years). But the central air very much though has, compared with other systems of cooling, high efficiency, small , is not required the big capacities on a drive of units, low cost. and the air central air while in automobiles is not applied in connection with that they have big , demand the big capacities on a drive of components, have small efficiency. But these systems non-polluting and on environment(Wednesday) actually do not influence, because freon is not applied. Recently the mankind starts to reflect on the world in which it lives and to not lose his(its) rests starts to take of a measure on elimination and other systems destroying an ozone cloud. And on this we shall be that that systems of cooling which will replace will be invented or modified hopes. the LIST of USED SOURCES 1. Magazine " automobiles " 3 1998. 2. Refrigerating machines Under edition . N.N.Koshkina of 1973. 3. refrigerating machines I.S.Badyl'kes, R.L.Danilov of 1966. Moscow. The food-processing industry. 4. The Device, operation and repair of automobile central airs of foreign marks of automobiles . the ABSTRACT Course work contains: 27 pages, 6 figures. the CONDITIONER, FREON, REFRIGERATING MACHINERY, the COMPRESSOR, RECEIVER, the CONDENSER, the EVAPORATOR. The purpose works is studying central airs established(installed) on modern automobiles, and also new systems of cooling. It is necessary to study the device, a principle of work, and also advantage and lacks , air and central airs. The MAINTENANCE(CONTENTS)
INTRODUCTION 2
ROLE of CLIMATIC INSTALLATION
3 PRINCIPLE of ACTION of the central AIR . 7
WAYS of FREEZING .8
CYCLE of COOLING OR AS the CONDITIONER . 8 WORKS
WHAT IS the COOLANT . 10
OZONE CLOUDS of the ATMOSPHERE 10
NEW COOLANT And HIS(ITS) FEATURES And ADVANTAGE... 11
COMPRESSOR OIL . 11
COOLING OILS .11
FEATURES of COOLING OIL .12
FULL CONDITIONS of REQUIREMENTS To COOLING OIL.. 12
the SPECIAL PHENOMENA And THEIR DISPLAYS . 13
COMPONENTS of the central AIR .14
the COMPRESSOR .15
the CONDENSER . 15
the EVAPORATOR .15
RECEIVER . 16
PRINCIPLE of ACTION And TYPE of REFRIGERATING MACHINES .21
AIR CENTRAL AIRS 23
the CONCLUSION 25
the LIST of USED SOURCES 26
PURPOSE(ASSIGNMENT) .
On automobiles and buses at vary lead-acid storage batteries. Batteries serve for a feed(meal) of all consumers of electric energy of systems of ignition, start-up, Illumination, the signal system etc. at the idle engine, and also For a feed(meal) of consumers together with the generator when force of a current consumed by them exceeds the maximal size for the generator. Storage batteries at small dimensions, weight and cost should have the big capacity, small resistance and the self-category, the big service life and durability to be reliable. At start-up of the cold engine by a starter storage batteries should provide feedback of the big force of a current at a small power failure. The lead storage battery consists of a tank which make from , polythene or plastic. Inside of a tank from plastic inserts. At the bottom of a tank four edges on which legs leans(bases) each positive and negative plates are executed. In order to prevent short circuit of a leg of positive and negative plates lean(base) on different edges. In space between edges the active weight of plates showering eventually () accumulates, that on some time warns short circuit of heteronymic plates. In batteries such as 6-60 and others in covers of the tanks made from or polythene, there are four apertures: two extreme, for polar conclusions of forecastle desks of plates, one aspic closed by a carving fuse and ventilating. In two extreme apertures for reliable condensation of polar conclusions at manufacturing covers fill in lead cartridges. For reliable fastening tips wires and minus a conclusion-. Depending on polarity conclusions are designated by marks <+> and <-> . the conclusion has greater diameter. The message of an internal cavity of a tank with an atmosphere is carried out through an aperture. Storage crosspieces weld on conclusions and the top part of the lead cartridges established in covers at manufacturing of them. Conclusions are continuation of bridges. Tightness of a joint of covers with walls of tanks is provided with mastic which consists approximately of 75 % of petroleum bitumen ? 5 and 25 % of lubricating oil. Inside of each compartment of a tank the block of heteronymic plates with separators is established. Lattices of plates cast from the anticorrosive alloy containing 92-93 % of lead and 7-8 % of antimony. In an alloy for lattices of positive plates, except for antimony, add 0,1-0,2 % of arsenic. Antimony and arsenic add for increase of mechanical durability and reduction of corrosion of a lattice, and also improvement of foundry properties of an alloy. For increase of capacity of the accumulator in cells of lattices the active weight made of a lead powder and a solution of a sulfuric acid for negative and positive plates. The active weight of plates has the big porosity, and therefore the area of the working surface adjoining with electrolit, is increased, and as a result the capacity of the accumulator grows. For increase of service life of positive plates active weight additives in it(her) strengthen fibres. At such manufacturing techniques of positive plates separators from fiber glass do not establish. In active weight of negative plates at its(her) manufacturing add up to 2 % of dilators ( barium and ), preventing and fast hardening of active weight.. In consequence(investigation) of it reduction of through passage section in active weight is limited at operation of the storage battery and the premature reduction of capacity connected to it and decrease(reduction) of service life of plates. Active weight of plates in lattices from both parties(sides) then plates press for reception of the greater porosity subject to special processing, a charge refers to as formation. At the end of formation the most part of active weight of positive plates turns to peroxide of lead PbO2 (dark brown color), and negative- spongy lead Pb (grey color), in consequence(investigation) of that the capacity of the accumulator is increased up to nominal . let out accumulator rooms of batteries with the dry charged plates. For increase of service life of the accumulator of a lattice of positive plates which durability as a result of oxidation at a charge decreases, have the big thickness, than negative plates. For reduction an extreme positive plate in view of significant change of volume of its(her) active weight at the category of the accumulator at the majority of batteries of positive plates in the block establish on one less, than negative. Due to this both parties(sides) are exposed to identical change of volume of active weight and she(it) is less jarred on. For increase of capacity and reduction of internal resistance in each accumulator establish on some pieces of plates. On bridges with conclusions weld the same plates. To a floor blocks of negative and positive plates collect in the block, thus contact of heteronymic plates is prevented by separators. Separators make from materials - microporous plastic (), microporous (), fiber glasses etc. One party(side) of the separators made from or , has edges which are inverted to positive plates. At such installation of separators the best access of electrolit in active weight of positive plates that promotes increase of capacity of the accumulator is provided. At installation of double separators to positive plates put a separator from fiber glass that reduces about crawling active weight owing to what service life of plates is increased. Separator from fiber glass slow down diffusion of electrolit in plates that are the reason of a voltage reduction and capacities of batteries, it is especial at decrease(reduction) of temperature of electrolit. Above separators in each accumulator establish thin punched safety from or another a material for protection of edges of separators against mechanical damages at measurement of density and whether at check of a level of electrolit. The minimal service life of the storage battery with unary separators from or ??-not less 18 at run of the automobile no more than 60 thousand kms; for batteries with double separator - not less 24 at run of the automobile no more than 75 thousand kms.. Storage batteries have the designations describing on crosspieces: type; number of consistently connected accumulators (3 or 6), determining rated voltage (6 or 12 ); purpose(assignment) (- for automobiles and buses or - for automobiles of heavy service, tractors, agricultural machines etc.); nominal capacity at a 20-hour mode of category (./); a designation describing a material of a monoblock (-, ?-polythene, - plastic), the letter, separators indicating a material (-, M - ????, With - fiber glass), and appropriate GOST Approximately conditionally designations of the battery with six consistently connected accumulators, nominal capacity 75 /, executed in a monoblock from and separators from : 6-75 GOST 959.15-71. Identification number of the battery for heavy service with three consistently connected accumulators, nominal capacity 150 /, executed in a monoblock from and separators from with fiber glass: 3-150 959.8-71. All batteries are issued in execution(performance). C batteries at small overall dimensions have small internal resistance and the big capacity. In storage batteries 6-75, 6-55 (a new design) the monoblock is closed by one, general(common) for all accumulators, the plastic cover welded on periphery to external walls of the block. The cover closes storage crosspieces and has above each accumulator an aperture closed by a fuse. Connections of a cover with end faces of walls of a monoblock at assembly are condensed by pitch that prevents transfusion of electrolit from one accumulator in another. Such batteries do not repair; in them it is impossible to check each accumulator a loading plug . a surface of a cover of such batteries becomes soiled less, that reduces the self-category of batteries. On automobiles KamAz apply batteries 6-190 without and 6-190- with , providing normal serviceability of the battery in winter time at temperature of air up to-40 With. In c the pockets executed in a wall of each accumulator, are established on one heating element consisting from of a viscose cord, placed in the punched case from a material. The electrolit in pockets acts from an internal cavity of each accumulator. Heating elements are connected in parallel and connected through a thermoswitch to two clips , fixed on an external wall of a tank. If necessary electrolit a heater connect to an extraneous source of electric energy a pressure(voltage) 24 and capacity not less than 600 . The thermoelement automatically includes heating elements at temperature of electrolit below 10 With and disconnects them from a circuit at 15 With. Electroheater use only in winter time at storage of the automobile on the open areas . reduction of resistance of storage batteries 6-190- and 6-190 in storage crosspieces and conclusions to a floor of blocks of plates at manufacturing them fill in copper plates. WORK . In the charged accumulator the active weight of positive plates consists of peroxide of lead PbO2 of dark brown color and active weight of negative plates from spongy lead Pb of grey color. Thus the density of electrolit seasonally and area of operation changes within the limits of 1,25-1,31 ?/see. At the category of the accumulator the active weight of negative plates will be transformed from spongy lead Pb in lead PbSO4 c by change of color from grey in light grey. The active weight of positive plates of the accumulator will be transformed from peroxide of lead PbO2 in lead PbSO4 with change of color from dark brown in brown. lead PbSO4 is accepted for naming sulfate of lead. Practically at the allowable category of the accumulator in chemical reactions participates no more than 40-50 % of active weight of plates as to deep layers of active weight owing to its(her) insufficient porosity the electrolit in necessary quantity(amount) does not act . crystals PbSO4 on a surface of walls narrows and even active weight that complicates penetration of electrolit to its(her) internal, deeper layers. In a kind of it the part of the chemical energy reserved as PbO2 and Pb in internal layers of active weight, will not come into contact to electrolit that will reduce capacity of each accumulator of the battery. As during the category the sulfuric acid goes on formation(education) lead PbSO4 at simultaneous allocation of water H2O the density of electrolit accordingly decreases with 1,25-1,31 up to 1,09-1,15 ?/see. Thus, the density of electrolit at 100 %-s' category decreases on 0,16 ?/sm, hence, during the category of the accumulator reduction of density of electrolit by 0,01 ?/sm corresponds(meets) to decrease(reduction) of capacity of the accumulator on 6 %.
CHANGE of DENSITY of ELECTROLIT IS
ONE OF the BASIC EXPONENTS of the CATEGORY the ACCUMULATOR. The condition of the unloaded accumulator is characterized by the following chemical compound of active weight of plates and structure of electrolit: Positive plates PbSO4 Negative plates PbSO4 2H2O Electrolit H2SO4 Thus the density of electrolit is equal 1,09-1,15?/see. For a charge the accumulator includes in a circuit in parallel a source of a direct current (to the generator, the rectifier) which pressure(voltage) should exceed . . the charged accumulator. AT the CHARGE the active weight of negative plates gradually transforms from lead PbSO4 into spongy lead Pb (grey color), and the active weight of positive plates turns from PbSO4 to peroxide of lead PbO2 (dark brown color) . it owing to formation(education) H2SO4 at simultaneous reduction H2O of electrolit is increased with 1,09-1,15 up to 1,25-1,31 ?/see. The condition of the charged accumulator is characterized by the following chemical compound of active weight of plates and structure of electrolit: Positive plates PbO2 Negative plates Pb 2H2SO4 Electrolit .H2O As soon as the active weight of plates will be transformed in PbO2 and Pb, the density of electrolit at the further charge of the accumulator ceases to raise, that is an attribute of the end of a charge of the accumulator . the further charge there will be only a decomposition of water on hydrogen and oxygen which, being allocated in air, cause strong electrolit. REPAIR . SHORT CIRCUIT In . Short circuit inside arises between heteronymic electrodes because of accumulation at the bottom banks of the dropped out active substance, formation(education) on edges of negative electrodes of the lead bridge () and as a result destruction of separators. These phenomena are possible(probable) at long a charge of batteries, a charge currents of the big force, pollution and freezing of electrolit. External attributes of short circuit: very small .. With; fast rise in temperature at a charge; slow increase a pressure(voltage) at a charge and his(its) fast falling at deenergizing a current; downturn of density of electrolit. For elimination of short circuit assort, replace the damaged(injured) separators and electrodes, delete a deposit and from edges of electrodes. After assembly charge with one . ELECTRODES. Electrodes because of the big force and the digit current, the raised(increased) temperature of electrolit are jarred on, infringement of rules of start-up of engines by a starter (his(its) inclusions are often and long) . changes of their external form and reduction of capacity because of reduction of quantity(amount) of active substance owing to his(its) deducing(removing) . electrodes are at repair replace. ACCELERATED SELF-CATEGORY . the batteries, exceeding 1 % per day, is considered accelerated . occurs as a result of pollution of surface and hits of an impurity in electrolit . reduction of the self-category it is necessary to keep clean a surface of the battery (pollution form the current-carrying bridge between plugs) to not suppose "germination" of separators. If the electrolit is polluted, the battery needs to be unloaded a current 0,1 from its(her) capacity up to a pressure(voltage) 1,1-1,2 In on each accumulator. Thus extraneous metals and oxides from electrodes pass in electrolit. Then to pour out electrolit, to wash out the battery distilled water, to fill fresh electrolit in former density to charge. ELECTRODES . (formation(education) on a surface of active substance of electrodes of crystals of sulfate of lead) arises at long and deep categories and is accelerated at decrease(reduction) of a level of electrolit ( the top part of electrodes), presence in electrolit of organic impurity, increase of density and temperatures of electrolit, presence of the accelerated self-category. Attributes electrodes : reduction of capacity of the battery; decrease(reduction) of density of electrolit fast increase at a charge a pressure(voltage) of the battery and temperatures; premature rough gas evolution; at start of the engine sharp recession of a pressure(voltage) owing to small capacity of the battery. There are some ways of restoration of capacity for : a long charge small currents a charge on distilled water, categories small currents; short-term (1-2) a charge of the battery a current, at 10-20 time exceeding current of a usual charge, etc. If process is not too deep, electrodes can be restored, having unloaded the battery a current 0,05 from its(her) capacity up to a pressure(voltage) 1,7 In. After that to merge electrolit, both to fill distilled water and to charge a current 0,03 from capacity. At achievement of density of electrolit 1,09 \ the pressure(voltage) of each accumulator should be 2.3-2.4 In. If it is lower, a charge stop, a part of electrolit replace with distilled water and after 2-one hour's intervals continue a charge the same current up to achievement of density of 1,09?/sm and a pressure(voltage) 2,3-2,4 After that density lead up up to normal and charge the battery a current 0,1 from capacity. For restoration of electrodes with deep, but not chronic, from unloaded up to 1,7 In merge electrolit and fill in in them distilled water. In one hour accumulators charge, having established a current so that a pressure(voltage) on conclusions of the 12-volt battery was 13,8 ?. When the density of electrolit will be raised up to 1,12?/sm, establish a current appropriate 0,2 from capacity of the battery . conduct prior to the beginning of gas evolution in all accumulators and the terminations(discontinuances) of increase of density of electrolit . include 1,5-2- about the same current. and continue until the density of electrolit raises. LAGGING BEHIND ACCUMULATORS. If in even one accumulator is unloaded before the others work ability of the battery will be defined(determined) by this accumulator which at the further category and will charge a return current other accumulators, that will result in significant voltage reduction . At lagging behind accumulators the density of electrolit at a charge grows much more slowly, and the temperature is faster, than at other accumulators. The battery with such accumulators should be subjected 2-3- to a -training cycle (charge - category). CRACKS In MONOBLOCKS. Cracks in walls and partitions of a monoblock (banks) close up a composition on a basis pitches or fused . Before closing up a crack process on all contour. Remove facets under a corner 45-60 on the depth equal of 2/3 thickness of a wall. A surface around of a crack also degrease acetone. PREPARATION of ELECTROLIT And . For electrolit prepare from a storage sulfuric acid (??????1,83?/sm) and distilled water. In plastic, ceramic, or a lead vessel all over again pour water, then at continuous hashing an acid. The accumulator, collected after repair from the unloaded plates (electrodes), fill in electrolit in density of 1,12?/sm after cooling up to temperature 25. maintain during 2-4. As a source of a current for use rectifiers such as or special units. conduct a current equal 0,1 from capacity of the battery. The pressure(voltage) on each accumulator should be 2,7-3,0 In. In time supervise temperature of electrolit. She(it) should not rise above 45. If the temperature appears above, reduce a current or stop on some time. Finish after plentiful gas evolution will begin, and the density of electrolit is stabilized and will not vary within 2 hours. After 30 minutes of endurance(quotation) check density of electrolit. If she(it) does not correspond(meet) to the operation established for the given zone that add in the accumulator distilled water (when density above norms) or the electrolit in density of 1,4?/sm (if the density is lower than norm) . is necessary for continuing updatings within 30 minutes for hashing electrolit. MAINTENANCE SERVICE. . To clear the battery follows a brush with a rigid bristle, not supposing hit inside of elements of a dirty and a dust. If on a surface of the battery electrolit it(he) should be wiped the pure(clean) rags moistened in a 10-percentage solution of liquid ammonia or soda. It is necessary to not suppose hit of electrolit on metal parts of the automobile as it results in corrosion . places follows and to paint an acid a proof paint. Polar conclusions (especially positive), tips and clips follows periodically (not less often, than through 10000 kms of run) to clear a brush to wash warm water and to grease with technical vaseline. It is necessary to watch(keep up) integrity of the case and mastics of the battery, checking, whether there are no cracks and infiltration of electrolit; to check and clean ventilating apertures in fuses. Nuts of fastening of tips of wires are necessary for tightening(delaying) or unscrewing only a wrench . for this purpose flat-nose pliers it is impossible. It is not supposed to strike on a tip of a wire to remove(take off) or it(him) on a conclusion, or to pull a wire. Such actions can result in formation(education) of cracks in a cover of an element or in to mastic and cause outflow of electrolit. Through everyone of 2500 kms of run or in each 15 days (if the automobile is not in operation) it is necessary to check a level of electrolit. Not less often than an once in 3 months or at the become frequent refusals in start-up of the engine it is necessary to check a degree batteries gauging of density of electrolit. If the automobile long time is not maintained, the battery monthly should be recharged. CHECK of the LEVEL of ELECTROLIT. At operation storage batteries the level of electrolit gradually goes down, as water evaporates. It is not necessary to suppose excessive downturn of a level of electrolit because the top edges of plates thus become bear and under influence of air are exposed , and it results in premature failure of the storage battery . restoration of a level of electrolit it is necessary to add only water. If it is precisely established, that the reason of a low level is electrolit it is necessary electrolit of the same density, that stayed in an element the battery The normal level of electrolit for the battery, having a jellied mouth (tube), should reach the bottom edge(territory) of an aperture in a tube. the battery which are not having a tube, the level of electrolit is defined(determined) by a glass tube. Thus the level should be higher 5-10 mm safety . The level should not be more normal as the electrolit will be splashed out from elements at allocation of gases to get on tips, conclusions, metal parts of the automobile and to cause their corrosion. TO CHECK DEGREE of the BATTERY . only measurement of density of electrolit. Check of a condition of the battery by a loading plug is strictly forbidden, as it results in damage mastics and to infringement of tightness of the battery. If the temperature of electrolit differs from 25 to indications it is necessary to add (at temperature above 25) or to take away (at temperature below 25) the temperature amendment which is equal 0,01 on everyone 15, namely: If batteries it is unloaded more than on 25 % in the winter and more than on 50 % in the summer she(it) should be removed(taken off) from the automobile and to recharge. To not receive erroneous results, it is not necessary to measure in density of electrolit in the following cases: At an abnormal level of electrolit; If electrolit too hot or too cold. Optimum temperature of electrolit at measurement of density 15-25; The ambassador distilled water. It is necessary to wait, while the electrolit moves. If the battery is unloaded, it will need even some hours; After several inclusions of a starter. It is necessary to wait, while the uniform density of electrolit will be established; At "boiling" electrolit. It is necessary to wait, while in the electrolit typed in a flask , will rise on a surface. FINISHING of DENSITY of ELECTROLIT UP TO NORM. In the end batteries the constant within some hours density of the electrolit sometimes distinguished from normal is established. In this case it is necessary to finish density of electrolit up to norm. If density of electrolit more normal from an element it is necessary to select a part of electrolit To add instead of distilled water, to wait, while the electrolit will get mixed up, and again to measure density. If density of electrolit low it is necessary to add electrolit in density 1,40?/see.
