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D - diameter of the cylinder, dm; pi - average value of display pressure, ; b - height top rings, dm; r = 0,5 (D - t) - radius of an axial line of a ring, dm; t - radial thickness of a ring, dm; S - a way of friction of a ring, m / km; ? - the attitude(relation) of radius of a crank to length of a rod; S - a course of the piston, m; ??? - density of a material of a ring, ?/m3. Item 3.2.1. Calculation of criterion details of the engine includes the following stages: ) There are values of resistance of road R? ij, air Pwij, dispersal P? ij the automobile at the given variants road and transport conditions of operation: ? ij = (Ga +? q)? i (H), where {1} Ga - a gravity of the equipped automobile, ; q - nominal carrying capacity, ; ? - operating ratio of carrying capacity? =1; ? i - factor of resistance to movement. Ga = 15125*9.8 = 148225 (?), q = 8100*9.8 =79380 (?), (79380+148225) *0.04=9104,23175,21587,62964,54552,1 Pwij = (kF*V2aij)/13 (H), where {2} k - the factor the automobile, ?*?2/m2; F - the frontal area of the automobile, m2; Vaij - speed of movement of the automobile in and an empty condition on various types of roads, km / ?. P? ij = ki [(Me? io? i? j??)/rk] (H), where {3} ki - the factor which is taking into account inertial loadings (long-distance transportations - ki=0, city and access roads ki = 0,2, career ki = 0,3); Me - maximal twisting moment Me = 700, *; io? - transfer number of the main transfer io = 7,22; i? j - transfer number of a box of transfers in j- a weight condition.
TABLE 5.
Values of the designed forces of resistance of road, air and dispersal. Transport ? jPW1jPY1jP? 2jPw2jP? 3jPW3jPY3j 4552,1194,4235778,9584552,138 1,0699104,27,7775778,958 ????????1587,6279,9694474,0331587,649 7,7233175,231,1084474,033 ) Average values of effective pressure Peij for the given conditions of operation proceeding from the equation balance pay off to take into account influence of road and transport conditions and design features of transmission of the automobile on details of the engine: Peij =??? i? j [(1.25rk? 10-2) / (Vh? io? ikij?? )]? [(1-ki) (P? ij+Pwij) +P? ij], where rk - dynamic radius of a wheel, m; on roads with a firm covering rk? r; Vh - working volume of cylinders of the engine, ; io - transfer number of the main transfer; ikij - the average transfer number of a box of transfers; ? - ... Transmissions of the automobile; ? i? j - the factors which are taking into account distribution of run of the automobile as roads ?? i = 1 and use of run?? j = 1; P? ij, Pwij P? ij - accordingly resistance of road, air and dispersal in i- a weight condition on j- a road covering, . ikij = 0,6? Vmax (?? j?? i? Vij)-1, where Vmax - the maximal speed of the automobile, km / ?; Vij - average speed of the automobile in i- a weight condition at j- road conditions, Vij =? (? 1? V1 +? 2? V2 +? 3? V3) + (1-?) (? 1? V1 +? 2? V2 +? 3? V3), where ? - operating ratio of run. Vij=0.68 * (0.5*25+0.46*35+0.04*5) + (1-0.68) * (0.5*30+0.46*40+0.03*10 30,368, (km / ?), ikij = 0.6*90/30.368 =1,778 0.5*0.68 * ((1.25*0.488*0.01) / (9*7.22*1.778*0.9)) * ((1-0.02) * (3175.2+31.108) +04474.033) =0,1519127 Value of average effective pressure is defined(determined) under the formula: =? (? 1? 1 +? 2? 2 +? 3? 3) + (1-?) (? 1? 1 +? 2? 2 +? 3? 3), where ? - operating ratio of run; ? i - the factor which is taking into account interest of movement of the automobile as roads; i, i - average effective pressure at movement of the automobile in and Empty condition on various types of roads. 0.68 * (0.5*0.2080473+0.46*0.09642883+0.04*0.29 3379) =0.1088789 (1-0.68) * (0.5*0.1257443+0.46*0.04076188+0.04*0.15 191270) =0.02806372; Pe=0,1369426,
TABLE 6.
The table of the designed values of pressure. Transport value Pe1jPe2jPe3jPePPi 0,20804730,096428830,2933790, 10887890,20672110,3156 ????????0,12574430,040761880,15191270,028063720,20672110,2347848 ? 0,1369426 0,2067211 0,3436637 For definition dependence is used: P = +*m, where And, In - the factors established(installed) experimentally; m = (2S? io? 0,6Vmax) / (60? 0.377? rk) cm - average speed of the piston, /; cm = (2*0.12*7.22*0.6*90) / (60*0.377*0.488 8,476757, /c P = 0.105+0.012*8.476757 =0,2067211 (). Let's define(determine) average display pressure. i = Pe + P, () i = 0,1369426+0.2067211 = 0,3436637 Item 3.2.2. We shall calculate value of the specific pressure arising from forces of elasticity of a ring: PR = (0.424*E*A) / [(3-?)*D * (D*t-1-1) 3], (), where - the module of elasticity, ; ? - a constant dependent from of pressure (? =0,196); - a backlash in the lock of a ring in a free condition. PR = (0.424*1.2*100000*0.170) / ((3-0.196) *1.2 * (1.2 * (1/0.05-1) *23*23) =0,2112775 , Item 3.2.3. The criterion of physicomechanical properties of materials of considered(examined) interface groups is defined(determined): ) A sleeve - a ring: = (? 0,2t*m*n) / (+), where ? 0,2t - factor of microcutting; , - accordingly, hardness on rings and sleeves, .; m, n - exponents, at calculation of a resource of a ring are accepted n=2 and m=1,5. = (1,59*7001,5*2302) / (700+230) = 1675008 Specific value of criterion we shall find from a parity(ratio): k = 1/lg k = 1/log 1675008 = 0,16066794 Item 3.2.4. The criterion of thermal stress of a detail is estimated: = D0.38* cm0. 5 [(632pi) / (HH *? i)] 0.88, where HH - the lowest ability of fuel, for diesel fuel of HH=42496??/kg = 0,120.38*8,4767570.5 * ((632*0,3156) / (42496*0,45)) 0.88 = 0,023458596 Let's define(determine) specific value of criterion of thermal stress: k = / max, where max - limiting value of criterion of thermal stress for a considered(an examined) design of the engine: m = (2S*ne)/60 m = (2*0.12*2600/60 =10.4; = [(0.314 *?*Me)/Vh] *10-2, pe = ((0.314*4*700)/9) *0.01 = 0,9768888, max = 0.120,38*10.40,5 * ((632*0.9768888) / (42496*0.45)) 0.88 = 0,0702317 k = 0.023458596/0.0702317=0,3340172 Item 3.2.5. We shall calculate a way of friction rings for one kilometer of a way: S = (100*S*io*ikij) / (? *rk), S = (100*0.12*7.22*1.778) / (3.14*0.488 100,5312, / On the basis of the designed parameters we shall define(determine) criterion : = k*k*S (pR+0.1D2*pi*b-1*r-1) =0.16067*0.3340*1005.312 * (0.2112775 + (0.1*1.2*1.2*0.34367 * (1/0.03) * (1 / (0.5 * (1.2-0.05))))) =166,1719 From the correlation equation of durability: =-25,2+81840 / (R-2,75n) we shall define(determine) an average resource of a detail: R = 81840 / ( + 25,2) + 2.75n R = (81840 / (166.1719+25.2) +13*2.75) =463,399, (.). Item 3.2.6. We shall define(determine) a root-mean-square deviation(rejection) of distribution of resources of a detail: Let's calculate factor of a variation on correlation dependence V = 16,507 R-0,807, V = 16,507*463.399-0,807 = 0,1165 The root-mean-square deviation(rejection) is calculated from a parity(ratio): ? R =V? R ? R = 0.1165*463.399 =53,98598, (.) For construction of a curve of distribution of density of probability of the normal law we shall calculate: ____ f (l) = 1 / (? R?? 2?) *exp. (-(li - Rk) 2/2? R2)
TABLE 7.
The table of the designed values for a curve of distribution of density of probability l (.) 841201561922282643003363724084444805165 52588624f (li) 0,000,000,000,000.000.000.000080.000460 .001760.004360.006930.007050.00460.0019 20.00160.00009 By results of calculations we shall construct a curve of distribution of resources of a detail on on rice 4.. Item 3.3. Calculation of parameters of distribution of resources of a detail of the automobile engine under the combined forecast. The combined forecast is considered(examined) as a problem(task) of decision making in conditions of uncertainty with a probable estimation of consistency of results. Item 3.3.1. The combined forecast is made in view of parameters of density of distribution of the resources received as a result of their calculation on and processing of statistical resources given distribution of a detail of automobile engines in operation. For normal laws of distributions with parameters and and? (processing of the statistical data) and R and? R (definition on ) parameters of distribution of resources under the combined forecast are defined(determined) by the following dependences. f? (t) = (2? D?)-0.5 exp (-((t-t?) 2 / (2D?)), where The population mean is defined(determined) under the formula: t? =? 1*R +? 2*a, t? = 0.5772487*463.399+0.4227513*188.73 =347,2823, (thousand kms) The root-mean-square deviation(rejection) is calculated under the formula: D1 =? 2; D2 =? R2 D?? =? 12 D1 +? 12D2; ________________ ?? =?? 12 *? R2 +? 22 *? 2, where ? 1? 2 - the weight factors determined under the formula: ? 1 =? 2 / (? R2 +? 2); ? 2 =? R2 / (? R2 +? 2); ? 2 = 53.985982 / (46.22+53.985982 0,5772487; ? 1 = 46.22 / (46.22 +53.985982 0,4227513. D1 = 46.22 =2134,44; D2 = 53.985982 =2914,486 D? = 0.57724872 *2914.486 +0.42275132 *2134.44=1352,618 ______________________________ ?? =? 0.57724872 *53.985982 + 0.4227512* 46.22 = 36.772 We consider values for a theoretical curve of distribution of density of probability of the normal law with parameters received on the combined forecast and on the received data we shall construct a curve on rice 4..
TABLE 8.
The table of the designed values for a theoretical curve of distribution of density of probability. t (.)) 841201561922282643003363724084444805165 52f (t) 0.000.000.000.000010.000560.000830.0047 50.010840.008650.002760.000340.000170.0 00.00 Fig. 4. Diagrams of distribution of density of probability. Item 4. Definition of confidential borders of change of structural parameter of a technical condition groups and operating time to the first resource diagnosing. Details are functionally connected among themselves, therefore as structural parameter integrated parameters get out. Three key parameters are considered(examined): a backlash in the lock top rings, a backlash in interfaces a ring - flute of the piston and a backlash between a sleeve and a skirt of the piston. However limits reliability , as a rule, deterioration top rings on radial thickness. Depth of diagnosing is defined(determined) by a level at which value of parameter of a technical condition repair of unit is estimated. For details , in view of stated, as structural parameter the area of a backlash in the lock top rings (F2-i) can be chosen. As the model adequately reflecting change of structural parameter of the same details, sedate function is used: F2-i = F2-0 +? it?, where F2-0 - average value of the initial area in the lock rings, 2; ? i - average speed of change F2-i 2/.; t - an operating time, .; ? - an exponent of function of change of parameter. For definition of confidential borders dependence of an average quadratic deviation(rejection) of structural parameter is used? F2-i from an operating time: ? F2-i2 =? F2-i2 +?? i2 t2?, where ? F2-i?? i - average quadratic deviation(rejection) F2-0 and? i. Calculation will be carried out(spent) on the following stages. 1. Value is defined(determined): ? i = (F2- - F2-0)/R?, where F2- - limiting value of structural parameter, 2; ? i = ((42.6-9.5) *10000) / 463.3991.4 = 61.304305 2. On the basis of a method after transformation of the equations it is estimated?? i: ?? i = [? 2 ((? i (2+2?)/? / (F2--F2-0) 2/?))? R2-(? i2 / (F2--F2-0) 2)? F2-02] 1/2. ?? i = (1,42* (**(61,3043,43/3310001,43 53,985982-( 61,3042/3310002 ) 51752) 0,5 = = (1.96 * ((1352342.7 / 78226492) *2914.486 - (3758.1804 / 109561000000) *26780625)) 0.5 = 9.846 3. There are confidential borders of change of parameter, using in quality F2-0, ? F2-0? i?? i their estimations: F2-iBH = (F2-0? t?? F2-0) + (? i? f t??? i) t?, where {26} F2-iB, F2-iH - the current values of the top and bottom confidential limits of structural parameter, 2; t? - statistics for? =0,95; R2 (t1, t2) =0,8 - the normalized correlation function, details ;
TABLE 9.
The table of the designed values of borders of change of parameters. l (i) 841201561922282643003363724084444805165 52588624FB, 10413.9711.418.7421.5224.5127.731.0734. 6138.342.1346.1150.2154.4458.7963.2667. 83FH, 10411.0912.7714.6716.7619.0121.4123.942 6.629.3732.2535.2438.3341.5144.7848.135 1.57 ___________ f =? 1-R2 (t1, t2) - factor of hashing of realizations; On the basis of calculations, for 5-6 values of structural parameter in a range from ? t? F2-0 up to F2- are represented on fig. 5, curves of the bottom and top borders in table 9.. 4. Are defined(determined) minimal R and maximal R values of a resource of details. For this purpose in the equation {26} are substituted F2-iB = F2-, then: R = {[F2- - (F2-about? t?? F2-o)] / (? i? f t??? i)} 1/?, {27} R = ((42.6*104-( 9.5*104+1.96*5175 )) / (61.3+0.45*1.96*9.846)) 1/1.4 = 412.31, 2 R = ((42.6*104-( 9.5*104-1.96*5175 )) / (61.3+0.45*1.96*9.846)) 1/1.4 = 430.76, 2 Rice 5. Diagrams of the top and bottom borders of change of parameter. 5. The operating time to the first resource diagnosing is estimated: tg1 = R - Lo, where {28} Lo - periodicity TO-2, is established in view of mark and conditions of operation of the automobile, tg1 = 430-12 = 418, . Km 5. Forecasting a residual resource of detail of the automobile engine on the basis of results of diagnosing. the estimation of a residual resource is carried out on the basis of mathematical model of change of parameter in function of an operating time. Value of structural parameter at tgi is defined(determined) on the basis of results of diagnosing . Item 5.1. Definition of structural parameter on the basis of results of diagnosing. As means of resource diagnosing the pneumotester of model can be used To - 272. The basic circuit of measurement of the area in the lock top rings on size of falling of the compressed air submitted in the cylinder, is submitted on fig. 6. Value of structural parameter pays off a the basis of the following dependence: F2-1 = K (2? p / ([1-(p2 / pi2] pi)) 1/2, where {29} ? = (? 1/? 2) *F1/3,13, - the factor which is taking into account a parity(ratio) of factors of resistance of the expiration through entrance ? 1 and a backlash of a ring? 2, and also the area entrance (=0,542106 2); 6 5 2 3 1 4 Fig. 6. The basic circuit of diagnosing a pneumotester of model To - 272: 1 - the filter; 2, 3 - a power unit; 4 - entrance ; 5 - the measuring block; 6 - a manometer. 2 - atmospheric pressure; ? = - pi, ? p - size of pressure drop of the compressed air submitted in the cylinder, ; o - working pressure (o = 0,26106 ); pi - the measuring pressure received as a result of diagnosing, . According to dependence {29}, value F2-1 appropriate to size pi, from a condition of the task, and a little bit any way chosen values in a range from initial up to the limiting area in the lock pays off. On the basis of the received values dependence F2-i = f (pi) is under construction.
TABLE 10.
The table of designed values F2-1, at change of pressure. pi0.25*1060.2*1060.21*1060.215*1060.22* 106F2-127,7*10448,6*10442,6*10439,7*104 37,69*104???.7. Dependence of change of a backlash of a ring on change of pressure. Item 5.2. Forecasting of a residual resource of a detail of the engine on sedate model on the basis of results of diagnosing. Two variants of forecasting of a residual resource on sedate model are possible(probable): approximation of the statistical data and use of model with the given exponents for considered(examined) interface. In course work we shall accept the second variant. As the model reflecting dependence of structural parameter from an operating time, the equation {22} is used. Item 5.2.1. Speeds of change top pay off (? ) and bottom (? ) borders of structural parameter: ? = [(F2-1 + ft?? F2-0) - (F2-0 - t?? F2-0)] / tg1?. {30} ? = [(F2-1-ft?? F2-0) - (F2-0 + t?? F2-0)] / tg1?, where {31} t? - statistics for? =0,95; F2-0 - initial value of the area in the lock rings, 2*104; tg1 - an operating time to the first resource diagnosing; ? F2-1 - an average quadratic deviation(rejection) of an error of diagnosing, 2; ? F2-0 - an average quadratic deviation(rejection) of the initial area in the lock of a ring, 2; ? - an exponent. ? = 66,75;? = 38,98 Item 5.2.2. By results of diagnosing we shall define(determine) borders of change of structural parameter: F2-i?? = (F2-0 - t?? F2-0) +? *t?, {32} F2-i?? = (F2-0 + t?? F2-0) +? *t?, where {33} F2-0 - initial value of the area in the lock rings, 2*104; t? - statistics for? =0,95; ? F2-0 - an average quadratic deviation(rejection) of the initial area in the lock of a ring, 2; t - middle of intervals, .; ? In? - accordingly and the bottom borders of speed structural parameter. The received results we shall reduce in table 11.
