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1. .. On fields of battles of civil war in USA. M. 1988. With 51
Campania on Peninsula.
General Makklellan all autumn, and then winter prepared for the army for "crushing blow". In result army (to the beginning of 1862 its(her) number has reached up to 170 thousand person!) stood at a gate of the South. (1) In a fort of Monroe Lincoln has answered offer on a large-scale landing the remark describing it(him) as the professional strategist though it(he) before did not collide(face) with military science. Lincoln has asked , whether his(its) invention will terminate in accident: you see, on assurances of the general, of area the -wound stood approximately 120-thousand army of rebels, and it would be thoughtless to leave her(it) alone with defenceless Washington. Really, a history of wars, and in particular civil war in USA, convincingly proves, that object of impact (if the question is not a concrete case, and about the constant strategic purpose) should be not any - irrespective of a degree of his(its) importance - geographical item(point), and the basic forces of the opponent. In answer fell asleep the president and set of reasons, arguments, figures, and in a result his(its) plan (sea operation) was approved. Lincoln has put an obligatory condition: the capital still should have certain part of army (the concrete number of armies did not refer to) on a case of attempt of rebels to attack her(it). Then there was a remarkable history. As obviously was not going to get under way from a place. Lincoln March, 8 has demanded, that operation was begun not later March, 18. But already next day, March, 9, army Dzh. Johnston unexpectedly... Left from positions at the -wound and, the river Dzhems, has settled down on its(her) southern coast. As it became known later, investigation of rebels has learned(found out) about plan , and their command beforehand blocked possible(probable) ways of attacks from a fort of Monroe. At the solemn introduction of parts of army into the empty trenches left on the eve by the opponent, discrepancy of the sizes of former camp to that number of their armies which constantly named was found out. Simple calculations have shown, that there was approximately 45-50 thousand person. And then the president has removed(taken off) from a post of the commander-in-chief March, 11, having motivated it is that in connection with complex(difficult) operation in rear of the opponent the general can not borrow(occupy) simultaneously and the former post as the commander-in-chief should be in Washington and coordinate actions of all armed forces of the Union. March, 8 a -battleship "Virginia", (having grasped year earlier on shipyard of Norfolk a frigate of northerners "" and having renamed it(him), rebels have sheathed the case of a vessel thick sheet iron} attacked the flotilla of northerners facing on road, in a mouth of the river Dzhems, and has put to it(her) the most serious loss. It seemed, that the reserved monster just about will break in a channel of Potomac and will appear at walls of Washington. However already next day, March, 9, "Virginia" attacked small, a vessel of northerners the "Monitor", also trim with iron, but on a design being a step forward, becoming, as a matter of fact, a prototype of all-metal battleships. Having damaged(injured) the giant, "Monitor" has compelled it(him) to recede. It is possible, as this episode began one of the reasons of displacement as before saving occurrence of "Monitor" position within several hours looked rather menacing. After infinite delays March, 17 began loading the armies on court that then to land on small Virginskom peninsula (Americans, speaking about this war, call it(him) simply Peninsula) in and York. _______________________________________ _______________________________________ __
1. .. On fields of battles of civil war in USA. M. 1988. With 54
Remains a riddle how , on formation(education) the military engineer, could go on so reckless step: on this narrow army, having lost an opportunity of maneuver (at the left and on the right there were rivers, behind - Atlantic, and ahead - powerful the army), appeared in a trap in which was voluntary. Everything, that has taken place further with army on Peninsula, of interest only as an evident illustration to ridiculous and chaotic actions of many commanders of the North, is especial at the initial stage of war. After complex(difficult) "cruise" of part of army in the beginning of April began to land in forte and to borrow(occupy) strategically hopeless positions on Peninsula from which self-confident was going to attack Richmond. There April, 4 it(he) has received unusually sharp telegram from Lincoln in which the president informed, that as has not executed the instructions(indications) given to it(him) on protection of Washington it(he), Lincoln, the authority of the commander-in-chief has detained in Alexandria available case Makdouella to sending and has directed it(him) to area Manassasa. (1) This step of the president was caused not only infringement given promises, but also for the Union by change of a military situation in the Valley (so the valley of the river of Shenandoah is called) where the army of general - northerner Nataniela Benksa was some times broken by smaller parts on number of vigorous and resolute Jackson the Stone Wall. Northerners defeat at (March, 23), after reception of news, about which Lincoln was especially sensitive for and 30 thousand person has disposed to withdraw from armies from above to place them for a way of possible(probable) approach of rebels to Washington. Knowing about skilful, prompt maneuvering , Lincoln supposed, that parts . Johnston without special efforts will manage at desire to come back in area the -wound and to borrow(occupy) initial positions. (1) it was necessary to reconcile to loss of a part of the army, but it(he) has received a "incontestable" excuse on a case of failure: at the most deciding(solving) moment to it(him) have prevented, having selected the best case. With such completely not fighting moods general Makklellan has started so-called campaign on the Peninsula, causing and to this day at experts it is a lot of disputes. Having landed on the Peninsula, three powerful cases Potomakskoj of army about one month stood without movement, and the commander at all did not do(make) by army of attempts to come. It was direct impact on interests of the Union. Nevertheless army Makklellana continued to stand in relative affinity from Richmond, and it disturbed a management(manual) of rebels. Besides from the Valley there came data, that northerners are going to throw almost all group Benksa to , whence she(it) together with parts would be set to Richmond from the north. It threatened Confederation with accident, and have decided to put anticipatory impact. Jackson, temporarily left of the Valley, immediately was returned there. Whether at his(its) army was then also the general officially borrowing(occupying) a post of the military adviser at a staff of president Devisa. Having learned(found out), that for connection with and the subsequent approach to Richmond move from the west and part (it(him) again have returned on front: northerners did not have not enough commanders so to be considered with their quality it was not necessary), and Whether have decided, not waiting connections of these two groups to crush them serially. May, 8 prompt, sudden impact Jackson has broken advance parties small villages , in spurs of Alleganskih mountains. And at once after that the army of Jackson has rushed on .
1. .. On fields of battles of civil war in USA. M. 1988. with 56-57
That has immediately receded, but Jackson eventually has overtaken it(him) and twice in succession, at Front - and at the Winchester (23 and May, 25), has put to northerners sensitive defeats. The parity(ratio) of losses was shocking for a public opinion of the North: at Front - Jackson than 50 person, and northerners - 904 has lost in total less. At the Winchester the balance of losses was more "decent" for the North: more than 2 thousand person ( - 350). (1) Besides have grasped in these two battles up to 10 thousand rifles, some instruments crammed with the foodstuffs and military equipment warehouses, horses, transports... Parts in a panic ran to - where were forwarded for Potomac. Attempt "to finish" with Jackson, but that, skilfully maneuvering among outnumbering armies of northerners was made, has managed June, 8 to crush at -, and June, 9 - group of general Dzh. in Port - . In a result of rather short campaign (from April, 30 till June, 9) Jackson and his(its) 18-thousand army not only have stood against the northerners pursuing them having in total up to 70 thousand armies, but also have managed fairly to pull about them. (1) Widely having informed(notified) the country about "falling" which from tactical reasons have left in general without fight in night for May, 4, it was slowly set forward. On western coast of northerners "surprise" waited: rebels have put the tiny mines invented by general Gabrielom Rejnsom for a way of their promotion. However, "has quickly invented" means of struggle against a mining - has ordered to send to it(him) group captured which it(he) forced to clear of mines passes for armies. By May, 25 northerners appeared at railway station Fejr-Ouks, in 7 miles to northeast from Richmond. The way to northerners was blocked with the wide river Chikahomini, but , departing, had not time to destroy bridges through it(her), and sappers Makklellana already have guided some pontoon bridges. It was necessary to be forwarded and begin storm of city only May, 31, began a ferry through , have put strong impact, and have directed it(him) on the parts already forcing the river. Fortunately, to them to the aid, not waiting order , there came armies from northern coast, as has rescued army from serious route. In two-day I fight at - (so it(he) is named in the North, and call it(him) under the name of small settlement - Seven ) rebels have lost 6134 persons, northerners - 5031. ( 1 ) In battle were hardly wounded and one of military leaders of rebels, general Dzh has for a long time left out of operation. Johnston Whether after wound of Johnston the president of rebels Devis has appointed to his(its) place of the general and then, June, 1, the armies protecting Richmond and adjoining areas, have received the name of army of Northern Virginia remaining up to the end of war by the main army of the South. Whether at once has started actions, having thrown(stopped) in rear Makklellana powerful James Stjuarta's group (more often it(him) named simply Jab). In the carried out(spent) road (from June, 12 till June, 15) has made an original circle hardly probable not on all perimeter of defense of northerners, having found out thus their provisional number, positions and intentions. Whether on the basis of these data has decided to repeat reception of Johnston - to crush northerners in parts, using them the river. Having informed(notified) on the plan of Jackson the Stone Wall, Whether has offered it(him) to put simultaneous impact on flank of northerners. The fight proceeding of seven days, and consequently including in a history as Seven-day fight June, 26 began. Despite all efforts of rebels, on powerful flank attack of Jackson, northerners were protected skilfully, courageously,
1. .. On fields of battles of civil war in USA. M. 1988. With 60
Passed in counterattacks. But used active actions of the opponent as the next occasion to a stop and deviation. Having receded during Seven-day fight, has stopped on northern coast , -Hilla where rebels have put to it(him) one more impact which has finished this fight.. In a result of Seven-day fight rebels have lost the general(common) complexity 20614 persons, northerners - 15 849, and the army of Northern Virginia has incurred(carried) especially sensitive losses at Smaller - -. It is typical, that at appreciable overweight of the general(common) losses at rebels, they have lost only 875 person captured, and the northerners constantly receding - more than 6 thousand person! (1) The population of the South, at first, was shocked with losses, but about them have rather quickly overlooked, as northerners were rolled away from Richmond of miles on 20, and now the army appeared in some kind of a trap - in small camp mouth . All this again specified republican administration of the Union necessity of resolute changes both for a management(manual) of military operations, and for the general(common) approach to military and internal policy. It concerned first of all the president of Lincoln which authority grew, and the authority within war was almost unlimited. After one month after - northerners at -Hilla has expressed essence of a situation in which there was an administration of Lincoln and has predicted the further development of events: we were present while only at the first certificate(act) of civil war - wars which was conducted in a constitutional way. The second certificate(act) - conducting war in a revolutionary way - still ahead . (1) In the summer 1862. The north, his(its) administration stood on a threshold of this certificate(act). The declaration on a cancellation of slavery. To transition to to war in a revolutionary way Lincoln and his(its) administration have made a first step April, 16, 1862, having declared about clearing of negros - slaves in federal capital district of Columbia. If still Lincoln was compelled by an autumn of the previous year on tactical reasons (from fear to lose "boundary" staffs(states)) to cancel declaration on clearing of slaves in Missouri now and the president approached(suited) to such decision in scales of the country. Evolution of sights of Lincoln in this question is obvious, though and after a cancellation of slavery in district of Columbia, May, 19, Florida and South Carolina was necessary to the president the declaration of other general, David Hantera, which as well as , without the sanction of a management(manual) has declared clearing of slaves in staffs(states) Georgias. (1) In a question to cancel or keep slavery, Lincoln appreciably depend on constant necessity to take into account possible(probable) reaction to this step of all set of various forces and factors, first of all, certainly, inside the country. Supporting a cancellation of slavery as institute, the president at all did not count negros equal white and was against granting by him(it) after clearing the status of full citizens. American historian Dzh. wrote: If the next day after falling fort the opportunity to publish the Declaration on emancipation was presented Lincoln, the moral basis for all his(its) general(common) strategy would be incorporated. But it was impossible: first, the North was not ready to this, and second as has told Lincoln: I do not wish to act with the document which inevitable idleness, similarly to papal against a comet, would be visible to all world .. (1)
1. .. On fields of battles of civil war in USA. M. 1988. with 64-65
