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Reconstruction.
The slavery in the country was cancelled irrevocably - as 13-th amendment to the Constitution which the senate has ratified in April, and 3/4 staffs(states) - in December, 1865. Unsolved there were concrete questions of the further existence of the South - conditions of the admission of former staffs(states) of Confederation in the union, position of former slaveholders and the released(exempted) slaves, the device of authority etc. In ruling circles of USA on this account there was no common opinion. Even at life of Lincoln against his(its) peace-making rate the group of influential congressmen - republicans has acted in the chapter, with and . They insisted on military dictatorship above the South, deprivation of active participants of mutiny against the union of civil rights and on granting to their negros.
After death of Lincoln of a disagreement between the president and the congress have become aggravated. To put into practice outlines of Lincoln there was new president Endrju Dzhonson, former vice-president. It(he) had no neither glory, nor authority of the predecessor, and the first practical results of a peace-making policy(politics) have turned back against him(it). Having issued in May, 1865 the decree about amnesty which restored planters at civil, political and proprietary rights (except for the right to have slaves), it(he) has undertaken the heavy responsibility. It was necessary to return the plantations confiscated within war to former owners which forced the black population to work as force and threats on former owners. The ramified terrorist organizations, including well-known --, brutally straightened with rebellious negros and sympathizing them white have appeared. Having received authority, planters carried out(spent) through legislative assemblies of staffs(states) black codes - the laws depriving former slaves of the property right to the ground, on a freedom of movement, a freedom of speech, meetings and assemblies, on marriages(spoilage) with white etc. all this was fraught with " creeping restoration former system of slavery. In the south has begun to smell new civil war - already between planters and the released(exempted) slaves which have begun the organized resistance to old regimes, have developed(unwrapped) struggle for the ground and civil rights, operating on a basis leagues (so the unions black in support of the federal government referred to, arisen even in Civil war). In turn, planters have lead(carried out) elections to the congress of USA, and in December, 1865 new senators and representatives of the South arrived to Washington, and among them indifferently there was a former vice-president of mutionus Confederation Alexander Stefens. Considerably adjusted members of the congress have achieved the decision to not suppose them in a boardroom to transfer continuation of Reconstruction to the congress and to investigate a state of affairs in the south. In July, 1866 the congress has accepted 14- the amendment to the Constitution of USA. She(it) deprived with leaders of Confederation of the right to borrow(occupy) the state posts, and negros equalized in rights with white. The first paragraph of the amendment said, that all persons who given birth in USA or have received there citizenship and the countries submitting to laws, are its(her) citizens and citizens of that staff(state) where they live, and rights on life, freedom and the property only can be deprived by the decision of court, instead of the edition of any restrictive laws. Black codes thus were forbidden. Having gained victories at elections, republicans have received in the congress more than 2/3 voices and have started radical Reconstruction. The martial law in the south was entered into 1867 and former constitutions of staffs(states) are cancelled. On the basis of 14-th amendment rights of the black population affirmed. However, division of the South into military districts was considered(examined) as time - before ratification by staffs(states) of 14-th amendment. By July, 1868 due to these emergency measures staffs(states) of the South of her(it) ratified, and gains of Civil war were rescued. Radical Reconstruction meant compulsory democratization of life in the south, with a support on the army entered into southern staffs(states), but without terror and dictatorship sense. All was solved in the lawful way: 14-I the amendment to the Constitution in 1870 was added 15-th which specially stipulated, that the vote in USA is not limited to color of a leather(skin), a racial accessory(belonging) or a slavish condition in the past. The agrarian question was solved not redistribution of the ground for the benefit of the released(exempted) negros who demanded to give each black family 40 acres and the mule , and the sanction to get the real estate as the part of plantations and was sold out for debts. Action of the law of 1862 was distributed to southern staffs(states) about also. Certainly, starting opportunities negros were minimal, and they in the basic weight proprietors did not begin, that has for a long time fixed their not full position, however the introduction for a slippery way properties was in low spirits the American political tradition. But became quite appreciable achievements in the field of formation(education) of negros: by 1880 almost continuous illiteracy among them was reduced up to 70 %. By the end of 60th years in staffs(states) of the South the governments of Reconstruction operated, negros actively used the political rights and were selected on elective offices, including in the congress. Constitutions of southern staffs(states) were reconsidered, that was deciding(solving) condition of their reception in the union on a new basis.
Thus radical Reconstruction has executed the primary goal. In 1868 president Dzhonson even was subjected to impeachment (court of the senate above the maximum(supreme) official of USA, with the purpose of definition of his(its) conformity of a post), but for his(its) condemnation and discharge from a post there was no one voice of the present senators. At elections of that year by the president of USA there was a former commander-in-chief army of the North the general At. The grants at which enterprise activity in the country (the Grant has sharply increased was involved in operation on a stock exchange). Also the class of planters which the further, the adapted to new conditions of managing more appreciablly regenerated, turning from ground aristocrats in businessmen completely bourgeois type. Roughly developing capitalism in the natural, evolutionary way levelled existing distinctions between the North and the South, and in 70th years radical Reconstruction has gradually left . This was promoted also by death in 1868 of its(her) most unshakable leader T.Stivensa, dreaming "from above" to give negros the ground. The Governments of Reconstruction in southern staffs(states) one by one were replaced new which were formed with a southern wing of democratic Party. She(it) strengthened the influence and in the congress. In this conditions lifted a head the reactionary forces ignoring 14- and 15- the amendments to the Constitution and plans of an economic and social enslavement of black Americans. The interdiction in 1876 of activity -- the congress appeared ineffective. As the democratic Party increased the mass base, including due to a part of farmers and white poor men of the South, Republican lost the former influence on weights, turning from radical, antislaveholding, "national" in a party(set), the large capital. Falling of its(her) influence was promoted, in particular, by the unpopular financial policy(politics) consisting in stabilization of monetary circulation by replacement of a paper cash by a hard coin which did not suffice. Rise in price of money has struck on everyone who took credits and loans in banks and from private persons. It has caused a series of bankruptcies and strong discontent of the farmers interested in release of "cheap" paper dollars ("". In USA associations "" - supporters of not limited printing of money have appeared, that as they hoped, will facilitate payment of duties. In 1876 the candidate in presidents from democrats Semjuel Tilden (staff(state) New York) has received more voices, than republican Ruterford B. Hejs from staff(state) of Ohio. However results of elections have undergone to revision during which the majority of voices was attributed . So the backroom deal of leaders of both parties(sets) was held: the president of USA became, as before, the republican, but in exchange for the obligation to deduce(remove) from territory of the South still federal armies taking place there. Having come in 1877 to authority, liquidated this last element of state of emergency in the south with which help his(its) radical Reconstruction was conducted.
Chapter 4
Value of Civil war. Essential attribute of a victory of revolution is transition of authority from one class to another. By civil war the authority has passed to representatives of bourgeoisie. Thus. During civil war, the sharpest form of class struggle, in USA transition of authority from slaveholders to large industrial bourgeoisie of the North was made. This transition of authority from one class to another was made by the armed struggle of broad masses of the North led by bourgeoisie against army of slaveholders of the South and their numerous secret and obvious supporters in the North. (1)
