USA Cities
[ A - A ] [ A - B ] [ B - B ] [ B - C ] [ C - C ] [ C - D ] [ D - E ] [ E - F ] [ F - G ] [ G - H ] [ H - I ] [ I - K ] [ K - L ] [ L - L ] [ L - M ] [ M - M ] [ M - N ] [ N - O ] [ O - P ] [ P - P ] [ P - R ] [ R - S ] [ S - S ] [ S - S ] [ S - T ] [ T - V ] [ V - W ] [ W - Y ] [ Y - Y ]
Links:
How to convert GIF 2 JPG - small guidance for this type of the image formats conversion
Top Free Stuff Sites - cool wallpapers, ringtones for your mobile!
Chapter 1. economic
1.1 Conceptual bases
became the important real aspect of modern world(global) system, one of the most influential forces determining the further process of our planet. She(it) mentions all areas of public life, including economy, a policy(politics), social sphere, culture, ecology, safety. Historical roots leave in process of internationalization which from a position of the separate countries develops in two directions - and outside. Development means, that process goes on a way of expansion of use of the foreign goods, the capital, services, technology, the information in sphere of internal consumption of the given country. Development outside is characterized by prevalence of orientation of the countries over the world market and global expansion of firms in trade, investments and other bargains. The main consequence(investigation) of this process alongside with growth of interdependence of the states is spatial and integration of the markets. Within last decades a number(line) of sources has come to light. One of them - the technological progress which has resulted(brought) in sharp reduction of transport and communication costs, to significant decrease(reduction) of expenses for processing, storage and use of the information. Information service is directly connected to successes in electronics - creation of e-mail, the Internet, world(global) "". The modern computer in cost in 2 thousand dollars is many times more powerful, than a computer in cost in 10 million dollars of twenty years back. The second source - liberalization of trade and other forms of the economic liberalization which caused restriction of a protectionism and have made world trade by more free. In result tariffs were essentially reduced, many other barriers in trade in the goods and services are eliminated. measures have resulted others in amplification(strengthening) of movement of the capital and other factors of manufacture. The third source process and one of the basic sources is the phenomenon within the framework of which the certain share of manufacture, consumption, export, import and the income of the country depends on decisions of the international centres outside the given state. As conducting forces transnational companies () here act, which are simultaneously both result, and the main characters of internationalization. Process economy was sped up last decades when the various markets, in particular, the capital, technologies and the goods, and to a certain extent and work, became more and more interconnected and integrated in multilayered network . These rather influential and well organized formations(educations) constantly aspire to creation of new communications(connections) in manufacture, grocery development, design, commodity and marketing. They are constantly aimed at expansion, torn to the new markets, support uniform liberal rules of economic game, and also serve as the important tool the markets by expansion of an information infrastructure which accelerates the conclusion and reduces costs of economic bargains. Though certain quantity(amount) operates in traditional trading sector, as a whole international firms support industrial re-structuring many less developed countries by creation of new branches, in particular, automobile, petrochemical, machine-building, electronic etc., and modernizations traditional, including textile and food.
Similar structural changes strengthen positions of such companies, increase their profit, raise productivity that allows them to choose sources of raw material to open manufacture and to master the markets in other countries, quickly adapting to varying conditions. Practically all large enterprises have network of branches or the strategic unions which provide with him(it) necessary influence and flexibility in the market. Within the framework of similar multinational corporations almost third of world trade now is carried out. With occurrence of the global enterprises the international conflicts have appreciably moved with on a firm level, and struggle is fastened not between the countries for territorial possession, and between firms for a share in the world market. Some see in such companies threat of authority and an autonomy of the state, however while they are valid, the state quietly can carry out the traditional functions in economic and a policy(politics). Wider prospects have opened and before the not governmental organizations which have left, as well as in a case with global firms, on a multinational or world(global) level. A new global role such international organizations, as began to play even the United Nations, IMF, the World bank, . Thus, the multinational enterprises and other organizations, both private(individual), and state, have turned in the basic characters of global economy. As the fourth source it is possible to note achievement global in an estimation of market economy and system of free trade. The beginning was necessary to this the reform declared in 1978 in China which political and economic transformations to the states Central and the East Europe and disintegration of the USSR have followed. This process has resulted in ideological convergence - on change of recent contradictions between market economy of the West and socialist economy of the East practically full unity of sights on market system of a facilities(an economy) has come. The basic result of such convergence became the decision of the former socialist countries on transition to market economy. However attempts of such transition, it is especial in the former USSR and the countries Central and the East Europe, have gone right only in part. The governments of these countries and forces supporting them in the international organizations and the countries of the West with the advanced market economy have concentrated the attention to three conditions of transition to the market: stabilization of macroeconomic, liberalization of the prices and privatizations of the state enterprises. Thus importance of formation of market institutes, necessity of creation of conditions for development of a competition, unfortunately, was underestimated, the special role of the government in modern mixed economy was ignored. The fifth source is covered in features of cultural development. The question is the tendency of formation "homogeneous" mass media, art, , universal use of the English language as general means of dialogue. In part because of it some countries, especially France and a number(line) of other European states, consider(examine) as attempt of USA to achieve cultural, economic and political hegemony. In effect they count the new form of imperialism or a new stage of capitalism in one century of electronics. Others see in the new form of colonialism at which a role of new mother country play USA, and its(her) colonies - the majority of other countries delivering there not only raw material as it was earlier, but also the equipment, a labour, the capital and other components necessary for production, being simultaneously a part of a global commodity market. How its(her) opponents and supporters concerned to , it is necessary to recognize, that she(it) has already obviously changed world(global) system, derivating new problems, but also opening new opportunities. It is obvious, that the tendencies marked above technological, political, , ideological and cultural development make active process which in the future, probably, will be sped up.
1.2 and social and economic changes
The basic sphere is the international economic system (economic), i.e. global manufacture, an exchange and the consumption, carried out by the enterprises in national economies and in the world market. By the end XX in. The international economic system has turned to the complex(difficult) structure numbering about 200 political units, including 186 states. All of them in this or that measure participate in manufacture of a cumulative product and try to build and adjust the national markets. renders the big influence on economy of all countries, carrying multidimensional character. She(it) mentions manufacture of the goods and services, use of a labour, the investment in the "physical" and human capital, technologies and their distribution from one countries in others. All this finally is reflected in a production efficiency, labour productivity and competitiveness. Manufacture and consumption in many countries in deciding(solving) image depend on, whether they can provide import of raw material and energy carriers. A number(line) of the countries for maintenance of economic growth desperately needs import of the capital and consumer goods, and sometimes and the qualified labour. Similar international interrelations demand activization of financial streams and services, a network of the international freight traffic and communications. Approximately 1/5 incomes of industrially advanced countries and 1/3 - less developed countries directly depend on export. By estimations, in the world of 40-45 % borrowed(occupied) in a manufacturing industry and approximately 10-12 % in sphere of services directly or are indirectly connected to foreign trade which remains the basic means of redistribution of the world(global) income. The basic forces process - the international companies, transnational corporations and financial institutions - for the expansion require global space . Typical owns or supervises a number(line) of foreign branches, it is connected by the business unions (due to direct investments) on all continents, resorts to strategic methods of management of the activity abroad. Such corporation will not miss a case to take advantage of business ideas, products, the staff, the capital, sources of raw material in any place where it is favourable. Its(her) policy(politics) similarly is under construction in the field of selling. Similar activity allows these corporations to fasten new communications(connections) far outside the national borders. Some aspects of influence on national economy deserve a special mention. First of all we shall note extremely high rates of growth of the direct foreign investments, much more(much) surpassing rates of growth of world trade. These capital investments play a key role in a transfer of technologies, industrial re-structuring, formation(education) of the global enterprises that renders direct influence on national economy. The second aspect concerns influence on technological innovations. New technologies as already was marked, are one of driving forces , but she(it), in turn, strengthening a competition, stimulates their further development and distribution among the countries. At last, in result there is a growth of trade by services, including financial, legal, administrative, information and all kinds of "invisible" services which turn to a major factor of the international trade relations. If in 1970 with export of services it was connected less than 1/3 direct foreign investments now this share has increased up to 50 %, and the intellectual capital became the most important goods in the world market. Result of a deepening process are interdependence and interactions of national economies. It can be perceived and interpreted as integration of the states in the structure close to uniform international economic system. Though the basic part of a global product is consumed in countries - manufacturers, national development more and more coordinates with global structures and becomes more multilateral and versatile, than it was in the past. Process proceeds in conditions strongly polarized world(global) by way of economic power and opportunities. Such position is a potential source to risk, problems and conflicts. Some conducting countries supervise a significant part of manufacture and consumption, not resorting at all to political or economic pressure. Their internal priorities and valuable reference points leave traces on all largest spheres of internationalization.
The given tables testify to a degree of non-uniformity of distribution of let out production, consumption, investments and export, in which countries of the world are divided(shared) into three categories on a level of the income per capita (as of 2000).
Distribution of a total world(global) product on groups of the countries in 2000. Parameters of All Including in the countries with a level of the income high average low the Total world(global) product dollars.
5 Quantity(amount) of the countries 132 24 63 45 Population, % 100 13,5 31,5 55 gross national products per capita, dollars 4 300 23 200 2 000 324 gross national products on one borrowed(occupied), dollars 9 700 51 318 5 471 836 Consumption per capita, dollars 2 714 14 800 1 440 236 Total investments per capita, dollars of export of 1 470 3 650 520 84 Volume per capita, dollars 700 3 600 410 50 Direct foreign investments per capita, dollars 450 2 350 250 32
1.3 the finance
It is the process most complex(difficult) and most advanced by way of internationalization which are growing out of a deepening of financial communications(connections) of the countries, liberalizations of the prices and investment streams, creations of global transnational financial groups. On rates of a gain the volume of loans in the international market of the capital in previous 10-15 years has exceeded on 60 % volume of foreign trade and on 130 % a total world(global) product. The quantity(amount) of the international organizations - investors is increased. In the finance frequently see the reason of growth of gamble and with the speculative purposes of the capital from manufacture and creation of new workplaces. Process financial is concentrated first of all in three basic centres of economic - USA, the Western Europe and Japan, financial gamble leaves far for borders of this triad. The global revolution in the market of currencies every day reaches(achieves) 0,9-1,1 dollars. Inflow of the speculative capital can not only exceed needs of this or that country but also destabilize its(her) position.
