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1.2. Stages of development of management in the world.
Our problem(task) is to show stages of development of management in the twentieth century as a whole both in the world community, and in Russia. With some reserve the author has allocated 8 stages in development of management. The first stage of development of management began from the beginning of the twentieth century and is connected to F.Tejlora's doctrine after the publication of his(its) book " Principles of scientific management " in which it(he) for the first time has considered scientific approaches and principles of construction of a control system. Using a control system developed by F.Tejlorom, the American firms and America as a whole have evidently shown its(her) practical importance and influence on development of economy. However offered F.Tejlorom's system analysis of model of management has shown, that this system Tejlora while has found the limited application owing to misunderstanding its(her) essence by market structures, firms and their heads. Under influence of doctrine hardly there are scientific works on management , , later. The second stage of development of management is connected to new approaches in development of the doctrine about management, on the basis of F.Tejlora's doctrine, but with essentially new approaches. The school of management, which ancestors of steel A.Fajol', P.Urvik, D.Muni, P.Sloun will appear and approved in practice so-called classical (). In particular, to A.Fajol' for the first time have offered the new theory of management revealing his(its) functions, principles and necessity of theoretical studying. The third stage of development of management began to refer to "", arises and school " human attitudes(relations) " which development is connected to names of scientists A.Fajolja, D.Muni, P.Slouna, E.Mejo starts to develop. At this stage the sociological concept of group decisions is approved. The fourth stage of development of management concerns to the period 1940 - 1960. These years there is an evolution of administrative idea which is directed on development of the theory of the organization of management on the basis of achievements of the psychological and sociological sciences rendering deciding(solving) influence on the person in a control system. The fifth stage of development of administrative idea differs from all previous themes that there is a becoming modern quantitative methods of a substantiation of administrative decisions under influence of wide use in practice of economic-mathematical methods and -computer facilities. This process successfully develops on present time. So, D.Makgregor for the first time has proved the theory and has proved, that the attitude(relation) of the manager to the subordinate essentially influences their behaviour and on a working climate in the organization. In the theory "X" - the statement of a priority of the supervising manager, in the theory "?" - a principle of distribution of objectivity. (Years of development of this concept - 1950 - 1960) The sixth stage of development of management can be attributed(related) to the period 1970 - 1980. Scientific - managers develop new approaches in development of the theory of management which sense is reduced to that the organization is the open system adapting for the internal environment (organization) it is necessary to search in an environment. Proceeding from such establishments of interrelations between types of environments and various models of management. Theories concern to this period: " strategic management " I.Ansoffa, " the theory of power structures between the organizations " G.Salanchika, " concrete strategy, competitiveness, consumer qualities of production and resources " Malt liquor etc. The seventh stage concerns to 80-th which were marked by occurrence of new subspecies in managements, unexpected for many opening of " organizational structure " as powerful mechanism of the management especially successfully used by Japan and other countries, with the major on force of influence by administrative methods. The eighth stage of development of management concerns to 90-th. At this stage three basic tendencies are looked through:
* Return to the past - comprehension of value of material, technical base of modern manufacture;
* Creation of social behavioural elements is an amplification(a strengthening) of attention not only to organizational culture, but also to various forms of democratization of management, participation of ordinary workers in profits, in realization of administrative functions in other fields of activity;
* Amplification(strengthening) of the international character of management. Transition of many countries to open economy, participation in competitive struggle, the organization of modern activity. In M.Meskona's opinion and others, for all history of evolution of control systems the mankind has developed only essentially various three tools of management, i.e. influence on people. The hierarchy is the organization, where the basic means of influence of the attitude(relation) authority - submission, pressure upon the person from above with the help of compulsion, the control above distribution of material benefits. Culture, i.e. the organizations developed and recognized as a society, group values, social norms, installations, patterns of behaviour, rituals which force the person to behave so, instead of differently. The market, i.e. presence of a network of equal in rights attitudes(relations) across, based on sale and purchase of production and services, on attitudes(relations) of the property, on balance of interests of the seller and the buyer.
2. The characteristic of the American model of management.
2.1 Founders of the American management.
The founder of management science under the right the American engineer and researcher F.Tejlor (1856 - 1915) is considered. The system of the organization of work offered to him(it) and administrative attitudes(relations) has caused organizational revolution in sphere of manufacture and management of him(it). For the first time it(he) has stated the sights in clause(article) System quotations (1895). Then they were expanded in the book Shop management (1903) and have received development in Bases of scientific management (1911). Bases of system F. :
* Skill to analyze work to study a sequence of its(her) performance;
* Selection of working (workers) for performance of the given kind;
* Training and training of workers;
* Cooperation of administration and workers. The important characteristic of system - its(her) practical realization with the help of the certain means, or engineering of system . With reference to F.Tejlora's development she(it) included:
* Definition both the exact account working hours and the decision in this connection problems of normalization of work;
* Selection of functional masters - on designing work; movements; to normalization and a wages; to repair of the equipment; according to plan - to distributive works; to the resolution of conflicts and discipline;
* Introduction cards(maps);
* A differential payment (progressive payment)
* Accounting expenses for manufacture.
Summarizing, it is possible to tell, that main idea was, that management should become the rule, based on the certain scientific principles, should be carried out by specially developed methods and actions, i.e. that it is necessary to project, normalize, standardize not only engineering of manufacture, but also work, his(its) organization and management. Practical application of ideas has proved all importance, having provided significant growth of labour productivity.
Scientific management on was focused to the work which is carried out at the lowermost level of the organization. and his(its) followers have analysed interrelation between physical essence of work and psychological essence of workers working for an establishment . And therefore, it could not offer the decision of problems of division of the organization on departments, spheres and ranges of the control and the assignment(order) of powers. Other representative of the American model of management, is more exact than her(it) organizational school is G.Ford (1863 - 1947), named in due time automobile king . Experts consider, that due to the invention of the conveyor by manufacture of automobiles of G.Ford has made revolution in shop . It(he) has created system where the first place was borrowed(occupied) with engineering and technology in which "entered" the person. G.Forda's basic ideas are stated in works my life, my work (1922), Today, tomorrow (1926), "Advance" (1930), what I knew it(him) (1930). Main principles of system of G.Forda:
* Mass manufacturing standard production on the conveyor;
* A continuity and mobility of process of manufacture;
* The maximal rate of work;
* New technology on the basis of a line production;
* Accuracy as the standard and quality of production;
* A determining role of ????-technological system;
* Economic benefit of system;
* To not be dependent from the person, it(him) .
The first attempt to apply the psychological analysis to practical problems(tasks) of manufacture was undertaken by the professor of the Harward university of USA G.Mjunsterbergom. In 20-30- years of our century the school of human attitudes(relations) in which centre of attention there is a person has arisen. Occurrence of the doctrine of " human attitudes(relations) usually connect to names American scientists E.Mejo and F.Rotlisbergera, which are known for the researches in the field of sociology of relations of production. The founder of this American school became (1880 - 1949), considering(counting), that management should be based not on intuitive representations about the person, and on achievements of scientific psychology. For the proof of the ideas of E.Mejo in 1927 - will carry out(spend) becoming subsequently well-known experiment (1932. Chicago). Object of research were six working women making a brigade on assembly of telephone relays. Thirteen times during five years were carried out(spent) changes in modes of operation, payment, catering services. To working women inspired, that their work is of great importance for a society, a science. When at the twelfth under the account of change in working conditions all improvements earlier given to a brigade and privileges were cancelled, was found out, that the achieved level of increase of development(manufacture) not only has not decreased, but also continued to grow. In E.Mejo's opinion and his(its) colleagues, the important role in it moral and psychological factors - personal and group have played. The given school has begun development of ideas about the person in the organization , roles of " the human factor in it(her). Representatives of this school have developed the toolkit of management which now is widely used in practice: human attitudes(relations); operating conditions; attitudes(relations) the head - the subordinate ; style of a management(manual); motivation of work; a psychological climate in collective and his(its) improvement.
