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One of the major conclusions in frameworks of " school of human attitudes(relations) is. That it is necessary for head to have vocational training which includes alongside with others and "" disciplines - psychology of management, social psychology, sociology of management, business etc.
The big place in researches of the scientists adjoining to school of psychology and human attitudes(relations), is borrowed(occupied) with problems of motivation of people in the organization. To number of the researchers paying to these problems significant attention, it is necessary to attribute(relate): A.Maslou, F.Gertsbergera, D.Makklelanda, K.Al'derfera. Most consistently the concept of motivation is advanced by the prominent representative of school of psychology and human attitudes(relations), the professor of school of management of university Douglas . has brought in the significant contribution to development of the maintenance(contents) of the theory of human resources, having concentrated the attention to questions of leadership, style of a management(manual), behaviour of people in the organizations.
2.2 Corporation as the basic form of business.
The modern American model of management is focused on such organizational - legal form of private(individual) business, as the corporation (joint-stock company), arisen in the beginning XIX in.
The big influence on formation of the theory of corporation rendered the book Modern corporation and a private property , published A.Berli and M.Minz in 1932. Corporations have received the status of the legal person, and their shareholders have got the right on a part of the profit distributed(allocated) proportionally to quantity(amount) of actions(shares) belonging to them. Corporations have succeeded the small enterprises in which the property belonged to owners of the capital, and they completely supervised activity of workers.
In opinion of theorists of management, creation of corporations has caused branch of the property from the control above the order her(it), . . From authority. The American professor marked occurrence new administrative elite, whose power is based any more on the property, and faster on the control of process as a whole . The real authority on management of corporation has passed to its(her) board and managers (to experts in the field of the organization and production management). In model of the American management and now the corporation is basic structural unit.
The American corporations widely use strategic management in the activity. This concept was entered into use on a joint 60-70-, and in 80th has captured practically all American corporations.
The word "strategy" has taken place from Greek strategos, art of the general . In a general view strategy is a way of use of means and the resources directed on achievement of objects in view. Strategy can be defined(determined) as the general program of actions revealing priorities of problems and resources for achievement of an overall objective of corporation. Strategy formulates overall objectives and the basic ways of their achievement in such a manner that the corporation receives a uniform direction of actions. Occurrence of the new purposes, as a rule, demands search and development(manufacture) of new strategy.
The maintenance(contents) of strategic management consists, first, in development of the long-term strategy necessary for a victory in competitive struggle, and second, in realization of management in real time. The developed strategy of corporations, subsequently turns to the current -economic plans subject to realization in practice.
The concept of strategic management is based on system and situational approaches to management. The enterprise is considered(examined) as "open" system. Basis of strategic management is the system and situational analysis external ( and competitors) and internal (scientific researches and development, the staff and their potential, the finance, organizational culture and so forth) environments(Wednesdays).
Strategic management demands creation of organizational strategic structure which structure includes a department of strategic development top-level managements and strategic economic centres (). Everyone unites some the industrial divisions of firm which are letting out same production, demanding identical resources and technologies and having the general(common) competitors. Quantity(amount) in firm, as a rule, is much less than quantity(amount) of industrial divisions. At creation the big value has a correct choice of a sphere of activity. are responsible for duly development of competitive production and its(her) selling, formation of the production program of output under the nomenclature. The major component of scheduled work of corporation is the strategic planning which has arisen in conditions of saturation of the market and delay of growth of some corporations. Strategic planning constrains aspiration of heads to reception of the maximal current profit to the detriment of the decision of long-term problems(tasks), and also focuss heads on a prediction of the future changes of an environment. Strategic planning allows a management(manual) of corporation to establish the proved priorities of distribution, as a rule, always the limited resources. Strategic planning creates base for acceptance of effective administrative decisions.
In 60th XX in. All is more persevering some steel of the requirement of workers of corporations on improvement of their social and economic position. In parallel with it many theorists of management came to belief, that a lot of the organizations does not reach(achieve) the purposes owing to ignoring contradictions of quickly varying social environment. Consequence(investigation) of the usual position was occurrence of the doctrine of " industrial democracy ( democracies on workplaces ), connected with involving in management of nonprofessionals, both the enterprise, and consumers of the goods and services, the intermediary etc., i.e. External in relation to the enterprise of environment(Wednesday).
2.3 management.
Some American authors name attraction Nonprofessionals to management of " the third revolution in management. The first revolution, in their opinion, is connected to branch of management from manufacture and with his(its) allocation in a special kind of administrative activity. The second revolution is characterized by occurrence of managers, i.e. people special trades. Industrial democracy (or management) began to be considered(examined) as the form of partnership of all workers of the organization in acceptance of the decisions touching their interests.
It is accepted to " industrial democracy to count authors of idea sociologists Dzh. and A.Gortsa which offered management of corporations to carry out by means of the industrial advice(councils) controllable by workers. Due to participation in work of this advice(councils), workers gradually would learn to supervise all process of manufacture all over again within the framework of one corporation, and then and as a whole on the industry. management can be considered(examined) as one of the general(common) approaches to management of the person in the organization. The purpose managements is perfection of use of all human potential of the organization. management assumes expansion of attraction of workers to management on the following directions: granting to workers of the right of independent acceptance of decisions; attraction of workers to decision-making process (gathering of the necessary information for decision making, definition of receptions and ways of performance of the accepted decision, the organization of works etc.); to workers of the right of the control of quality and quantity(amount) of the work executed by them; participation of workers in perfection of activity as as a whole all organization, and its(her) separate divisions; granting to workers of the right to create working groups on interests, attachments and so forth with the purpose of more effective performance of decisions at now in USA four basic forms of attraction of workers to management have was extended:
1. Participation of workers in management of work and quality of production at a level of shop.
2. Creation of working advice(councils) (joint committees) workers and managers.
3. System engineering participation in the profit.
4. Attraction of representatives of workers in boards of directors of corporations.
In 60th in USA have received a wide circulation brigade methods of the organization of work and circles of quality surveillance which idea of creation belongs to the American experts in U.Demingu's applied statistics and . . However for the first time circles of quality surveillance began to be applied widely in Japan. And only in second half 70th they have was extended in the American corporations. Attraction of workers to participation in the supreme bodies of management of corporation - boards of directors - in Practice meets extremely seldom. For decrease(reduction) of resistance of workers to the organizational changes occuring in corporations, programs of increase of " quality of labour life with which help workers of corporation are involved in development of strategy of its(her) development, to discussion of questions of rationalization of manufacture, the decision various external and internal are developed
Problems.
The American scientists continue to put and develop real problems of management. So, . -dream and E.Ploumen. Authors of the known book the Organization of business and management allocate six basic Kinds of management:
