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As the delegates who have arrived on conference, represented less than half of staffs(states), was solved discussions to not carry out(spend). Before leaving(abandoning) Annapolis, Hamilton has offered to direct to all staffs(states) the reference(manipulation) with an appeal to gather in May, 1787 on convent that to harmonize with pressing needs of the union the constitution of the federal government 8. vigorously maintained , this offer was accepted the delegates who have gathered in Annapolis, and, thus, the offer was sent to all staffs(states) to gather for discussion not only trading, but also other "essential" questions of the state reorganization of USA. In February, 1787 this appeal was approved by the special resolution of the congress offering to staffs(states) to send the representatives on convent that to reconsider clauses(articles) of confederation . There are no data, that the invitation to convent for development(manufacture) of the new constitution was dictated only by revolt . But chronologically both the first, and the second references(manipulations) have coincided with amplification(strengthening) of insurgent movement. The reference(manipulation) of participants of conference in Annapolis was dated September, 14, 1786, . . Literally some days prior to the first collision of insurgents with the governmental forces in connection with the session of the Supreme court of staff(state) planned in Worcester, during amplification(strengthening) of mass actions, and the second - February, 21, 1787, almost in one month after collision of insurgents with armies in Springfield. Though the direct data on communication(connection) of the specified events are not present, their concurrence is in itself interesting enough. The convent in Philadelphia has opened at the end of May and proceeded 18 weeks. From 12 staffs(states) (13-th, Rhode Island, has refused to participate) it was elected 74 delegates. Some could not arrive, some have not wished. In result the maximal number of participants of sessions - 55, and at final voting September, 17, 1787 was present only 42. Instead of additions to Clauses(articles) of confederation the convent has developed the constitution which represented completely new document. It(he) should come into force, having received ratification of 9 staffs(states), . . 2/3 USA. During 18 weeks participants of convent in Philadelphia discussed the constitutional bases of a state system of the country which was called to establish the new order guaranteeing authority of national American bourgeoisie and planters, colonies heading revolt against England. Though the structure of convent in the social attitude(relation) was more or less homogeneous, sights of his(its) participants were . Hamilton representing the conservative point of view, counted an ideal political build England with his(its) constitutional monarchy and two-chamber parliament in which the upper chamber was allocated exclusive privileges. It(he) supported strong authority, offering to establish life term of board of the president of USA and members of the upper chamber of the congress and also to give the president the right to reject any decisions of the congress with which it(he) disagrees. On the other hand, the representative of bourgeois-democratic circles. Franklin was the supporter of that the legislature - the congress - was unicameral and elections to it(her) were made on the basis of proportional representation though on convent Franklin has receded and has supported idea of the organization of the two-chamber congress.
Being the supporter of the oligarchical form of board, Hamilton never acted for the benefit of an establishment of a monarchy. But in circles of propertying top of USA and among reactionary officers the idea of an establishment of a monarchist system was enough popular. In 1783 representatives of a conservative-minded army top have created the Society of Cincinnati , having offered Washington to become the American monarch. Last has categorically rejected it and the subsequent similar offers, having declared itself(himself) the supporter republican building. To resolute criticism monarchic projects were subjected to T.Dzheffersonom. Franklin and S.Adamsom. They have caused disapproving reaction and on the part of such moderate - conservative figures, as . and . . In these conditions it was absolutely no sense to support idea of a monarchist system on convent. Probably, that Hamilton realized and that idea this was extremely unpopular in people which just has reset(dumped) a yoke of the British king. With it it was necessary to be considered.
The decision of a question on character of a political system of USA was found on a centrist basis. The important role in formation of positions of the constitution has played . . It(he) supervised over drawing up so-called the plan 9 which was brought for discussion of convent by delegate Virginia E. Rendolfom. The plan provided creation of strong central authority. Having met opposition on the part of the delegates acting for preservation of the big rights behind separate staffs(states), the representative of New Jersey At. Paterson has submitted for consideration convent the project which has received the name of " the plan of New Jersey . In it(him) it was offered to be limited to expansion of prerogatives of the central government only in sphere of the finance and trade. Both these of the plan, the first to a lesser degree, the second - in the greater, have criticized on the part of Hamilton which has made vast speech, calling delegates to develop system of as much as possible centralized authority. The subsequent discussion has shown, however, that the majority of delegates of convent are declined for the benefit of the plan which was approved with some amendments, becoming(beginning) a basis at development(manufacture) of the new constitution. Political platform was based on the concept of "regulation" of the society consisting of fractions or classes. His(its) approach was defined(determined) by aspiration to guarantee the stable political order to protect rich minority from the poor majority. One of the major features of the constitution produced by convent the so-called principle of " division of authorities was. All system of the maximum(supreme) political bodies shared on three links: executive authority led by the president, legislative - the congress and judicial - the Supreme court. At the same time all these parts were interconnected and centralization of authority was established. The political system created by the new constitution, as well as treatment her(it) of a principle of " division of authorities , was directed on the maximal amplification(strengthening) of centralization by granting large powers to the chief executive - to the president, the upper chamber of a legislature - to the senate and the Supreme court. It also was that "barrier" against democracy, about which so members of the constitutional convent. Participants of convent discussed also a question on suffrages of the population. In different time and in different occasions delegates expressed concerning that to the government is necessary to prevent active participation of weights in political process. The problem of democracy was the central constitution at discussion. Many delegates were adjusted cutting down suffrages of people, having cancelled democratic gains of the period of revolution and having reduced number of voters.
Except for measures of general-political value, the convent has accepted a number(line) of decisions in interests of prosperous layers of the population. Liabilities were subject to indispensable repayment, and not in paper money, and "hard coin". Having given the central government the right of release of money, the convent has forbidden to staffs(states) the further issues. The constitution charged to the government of USA stamping of a gold and silver coin. Formally she(it) did not enter an interdiction on release of paper money but then it was present in a kind as self-evident. Delegates of convent have unanimously decided, that if the person connected by services or work , will move to other staff(state), it should be given to the person lawfully demanded of him(it) services or work. This decision was carried out(spent) first of all in interests of slaveholders. Disagreements between the big and small staffs(states) have come to light concerning a rate of representation in the congress, sharp discussion was developed(unwrapped) between representatives of the South and the North. The intense character was carried with debate about a rate of representation in the senate. Delegates of southern and some central staffs(states) with the big number of the population insisted that the representation in the senate should be proportional to a population. Delegates of small northern staffs(states) achieved that each staff(state) in the senate had equal number of representatives. Finally the constitution has fixed the right of each staff(state) irrespective of number of inhabitants to have two senators. It corresponded(met) to the general(common) plan of federalists to consolidate authority of rich "minority". At the same time the arrangement was achieved, that the House of Representatives will be selected by a principle of proportionality of number of inhabitants, and she(it) has received such important right, as introduction of taxes. The concession to representatives of the South was not less important, agrees which rates of representation at calculation in the lower chamber it should to be taken into account 3/5 slavish population though the last and had no suffrages. The arrangement on the specified complex of questions has received the name of " the great compromise which was one of the major political bargains on convent between representatives of bourgeoisie of the North and planters of the South. The aspiration a position of the propertied classes on the basis of the compromise defined(determined) all activity of convent. And on other questions at issue with what sharp they appeared, the agreement was achieved. Differently, for example, approached(suited) northern and staffs(states) to questions of trade. The southern planters traditionally importing a plenty of the industrial goods from abroad, were interested in that they were taxed with the minimal tariffs. As if to industrialists of the North they aspired to be protected from a foreign competition by high duties on imported production and consequently supported protectionism. Dispute on this question was solved for the benefit of supporters of protectionist system, but the bourgeoisie of the North had to go on a serious concession to planters of the South in a question about . Discussion on these questions was long and .10 Industrialists of the North aspired to destruction of the slave labour contradicting to their economic interests. That the system of slavery had vicious character, realized not only representatives of the North, but also the most far-seeing politicians of southern staffs(states). For one and a half year before convocation of convent the delegate of Virginia in congress CH. wrote, that slavery, from his(its) point of view, is a cancer tumour which is necessary for removing. If it is impossible to make it by means of religion, reason or philosophy, - it(he) marked, - I am sure, that in one fine day it will be made by blood 11. These words as a matter of fact were prophetical, but unfortunately by convent were maintained not. Representatives of southern staffs(states) have declared an opportunity of bloodshed if not their conditions will be accepted. They have taken a categorical position: in case of prohibition of import of slaves have threatened with refusal to sign the constitution and to leave from the Union. Understanding danger of split, delegate Pennsylvania R. Morris has acted with an appeal to come to the agreement. In a result and in the given question the compromise was found: the constitution resolved import of slaves, having limited this sanction 20-years term, till 1808, and having imposed the duty. As well as during discussion of the Declaration of independence, during debate on the constitutional convent opponents of slaveholding system in a name of preservation of the union were compelled to recede. The constitution has practically legalized institute of slavery. To the beginning dawn upon the text of the constitution has undergone to final editing and September, 17 was submitted to delegates of convent for signing. Next day the constitution was published. Some delegates have refused to sign the document, having expressed disagreement with his(its) positions on different motives. , and Hamilton have stated subsequently the political program in a series of clauses(articles) incorporated in the collection "Federalist". In these clauses(articles) (only 85) they asserted the system developed by them and proved expediency of the new constitution. Authors of "Federalist" asserted(approved), that only the strong centralized authority as she(it) is designed by the constitution, is capable to support a stable economic situation in the country to carry out(spend) independent foreign policy and to support the internal order, to protect freedom and the property against those who will try to break them. Explaining the last, Hamilton marked, that first of all it is necessary to struggle against local fractions and 12.
