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Actually there are some examples of rather global financial operations which were not giving in to the control of the interested countries. In the world it is totaled only 15-20 financial markets which really are global in the sense that on them large bargains with bonds are carried out, actions(shares) and currency internationally on commodity and stock exchanges, and also give wide scale of universal services. London, for example, has won a strong conducting position in the world first of all due to financial power and the international communications(connections) of the institutes, and also as a result of concentration of the control above the commodity, currency, share and insurance markets. The quantity(amount) of global financial groups is still insignificant, but it is quickly increased as a result of merge of banks, the insurance companies, hypothecary credit establishments, growth of investment activity of pension funds and funds of mutual support. These institutes are the basic lever in the financial market. Distribution of actives goes mainly on a line investors which number is constantly increased. In connection with increase of their funds and easing of restrictions on investments there was a new discipline - management of a global portofolio. Its(her) problem(task) consists in search of an opportunity of favourable capital investments, increase of their feedback, optimum distribution to risk. From approximately 40 thousand. only the few operate in the global market of the share capital. Inclusion in the list of foreign stock exchanges for the majority of the companies serves frequently for maintenance of prestige on stock exchanges of the country. The share markets become more and more closely connected, despite of distinctions of time zones. Communication technologies allow to carry out marketing and distributive operations without physical representation of firms. The international communication(connection) - not a novelty. Many new factors which are reflected in a competition between the world(global) financial centres however have appeared. In the past these centres were created on the basis of the several markets leaning(basing) on a necessary infrastructure, including legal and accounting. Since 80th years the additional factor became communication system. In result there were new financial markets which movement instantly influences against each other. At the international level numerous attempts to stabilize the world(global) finance were done(made) to lower risks of the countries, firms, separate persons. Heads of the international banks try to create from middle of 70th years joint efforts a global network of safety. Within the framework of IMF also are taken steps on development of the global mechanism for the sanction of unforeseen situations in the financial market. Nevertheless fast the finance still remains the major reason of vulnerability of economic. Integration of the financial markets raises risk of system failures.
1.4 Advantages
has caused an aggravation of the international competition. The competition and expansion of the market conduct to a deepening of specialization and the international division of labour, stimulating, in turn, growth of manufacture not only on national, but also at a world(global) level. One more advantage - the economy on scales of manufacture, that potentially can result in reduction of costs and reduction of prices, and consequently, to steady economic growth. Advantages are connected also to a prize from trade on the mutually advantageous basis, satisfying all parties(sides) as which separate persons can act, firms and other organizations, the countries, the trading unions and even the whole continents. can result in increase of labour productivity as a result of rationalization of manufacture at a global level and distributions of high technology, and also competitive pressure for the benefit of continuous introduction of innovations on a global scale. As a whole advantages allow to improve the position to all partners receiving an opportunity, having increased manufacture to raise(increase) a level of wages and vital standards. An end result should become the general(common) increase of well-being in the world.
1.5 Costs and possible(probable) conflicts
bears(carries) with itself not only advantages, she(it) is fraught with negative consequences or potential problems in which some its(her) criticism see the big danger. The first threat in connection with is caused by that its(her) advantages which are clear to people, however, will be distributed(allocated) non-uniformly. In short-term prospect, as is known, changes in a manufacturing industry, sphere of services result to that the branches receiving benefits from foreign trade, and the branches connected to export, test the greater inflow of the capital and the qualified labour. At the same time a number(line) of branches considerably loses from processes, losing the competitive advantages because of the increased openness of the market. Such branches are compelled to make additional efforts to adapt to changed not in their advantage(benefit) to economic conditions. It means an opportunity of outflow of capitals and a labour from these branches that will serve as the main reason for acceptance of the adaptable measures connected to very big expenses. Adaptable measures are fraught for people with loss of work, necessity of search of other workplace, a training for a new profession that results not only in family problems, but also demands large social charges, and in short terms. Finally there will be a redistribution of a labour, but firstly social costs will be very great. It concerns not only to branches which in Europe were essentially transformed into last thirty years. It is necessary to recognize, that similar changes in itself serious threat to the usual economic structure, and the governments should undertake heavy burden of the social charges connected to payment of indemnifications, retraining, payment of unemployment benefits, rendering of support to needy families. Many count the second threat economy as the global openness associates with decrease(reduction) of employment in processing branches both in Europe, and in USA. Actually, however, this process is not consequence(investigation) though proceeds in parallel with it(him). - the normal phenomenon produced by technological progress and economic development. Really, the share of processing branches in economy of industrially advanced countries is sharply reduced, but this decrease(reduction) is balanced by fast growth of densities of sphere of services, including financial sector. In connection with decrease(reduction) of employment in processing branches in comparison to sphere of services productivity will depend first of all on this sphere which, traditionally differs its(her) lower level. It means, that if the country wants to increase the , she(it) should use all opportunities for a raising of productivity in sphere of services. Difficulty here is, what exactly the given sphere always differed center of a plenty of a labour. Therefore if the country is really going to use all opportunities for increase of productivity in sphere of services, measures on a decontrol and development of a competition, including -financial sector are required. Now the given process already began also it concerns not only changes in a policy(politics) of employment in coal-mining, steelmaking and ship-building industries. Today it is already visible, as quickly varying technologies result in rather mobile changes in practice of contract services in financial sector. On -, probably, take benefits from such situation, however in parallel there are also mass lay-offs. Similar position has developed and in the London City. Realities of the adaptation necessary for increase of productivity in sector of services are those. Let's consider the problem on streams of the capital in conditions . Completely clearly, that streams of capitals observably(notice) today in the world have sharply increased within last fifteen years. The foreign capital as straight linees or investments in itself the certain threat for national economy as can disappear from the country so quickly, as well as has appeared. Leaders complain about it of some the countries in different parts of the world, marking the big damage put by a leaving(care) of the capital involved from the outside. Basically it is free, nothing the connected capital. At the same time if to speak about direct foreign investments in relation to them told it is not quite true above. The enclosed money are strong adhered to a local facilities(economy), their liquidity is insignificant, it is difficult to withdraw and return them in the country of the investor. As to securities it, undoubtedly, more free, mobile form of the capital, however owners of securities in any country, whether it be the Czech Republic or Malaysia, basically do not want that their capital was completely free. They want to make high-grade investments on rather long term to receive guaranteed profit. The capital and in the form of securities cannot be counted completely free. Therefore references that in result there will be a threat for a macroeconomic policy(politics) because of presence of the big weights of the "free" capital, are hardly solvent. , however, it is necessary to recognize, that large-scale streams of the capital oblige the states to observe to a certain extent discipline. It means, that if Ministers of Finance and politicians of any country understand, that their policy(politics), for example, is too risky or insufficiently flexible, threatens stability of national currency or economy as a whole they should realize, that for it will be punished by the international market of the capital (which, for example, will deprive with their necessary financial assets). Such steps can be considered(examined) as the form of the critical attitude(relation) of external investors to a policy(politics) of the country, expressed in refusal to give it(her) necessary funds.
As a whole it is necessary to recognize, that global capital streams are in a sense the big advantage though impose to the countries the certain discipline and rules of game. The fourth threat which in itself , contacts appreciable increase of break in levels of wages qualified and less qualified employees, and also with growth of unemployment among the last. Today, however, it completely not necessarily is consequence(investigation) of an intensification of international trade. That circumstance that demand for qualified personnel in branches and at the enterprises raises is more important. It is caused by that the competition on the part of the toilful goods issued in the countries with a low level of wages and low qualification of workers, entails reduction of prices on similar production of the European firms and reduction of their profits. In similar conditions the European companies stop release of unprofitable production and pass to manufacture of the goods demanding use of the highly skilled personnel. In result workers with lower qualification remain dead, their incomes fall. At first sight can seem, that such statement of a question carries emotional colouring, however the IMF always gave to it(him) faster empirical character: whether really the prices for the toilful import goods made in the countries with a unskilled labour, lower in comparison with the prices for the toilful goods which are let out with use more of qualified personnel? The practical data hardly probable can confirm it. The prices for the industrial goods in the industrial countries hardly varied so considerably under influence of import production. Changes of wages and scales of unemployment are caused mainly not by influence of trade, and grow out shifts in structure of internal consumption, and also technological changes both in sphere of manufacture, and in sphere of services. Therefore considered(examined) danger which bears(carries) , carries, probably, only potential character and at all is not inevitable. As the fifth threat mark translation by firms of the countries with high cost of a labour of a part of the capacities in the countries with a low payment. Export of workplaces can appear undesirable to economy of some the states. However similar threat is not too dangerous. Workers of foreign branches and working the head company are not strong contenders, they supplement each other faster. If the enterprise opens the branch in other country, it does not mean, that it does(makes) it only at own expense and sustains irreplaceable losses. Frequently the parent company receives an opportunity to increase output due to capacities of the branch and also to take advantage of his(its) other advantages. Similar communications(connections) are the important element concerning new partners. Therefore "" capacities in other countries also it can be considered(examined) only as potential danger. The sixth threat connect to mobility of a labour. Today it is much spoken about a free exchange of the goods, services and the capital and it is much less - about freedom of moving of a labour. In this connection the question on influence on employment rises. In absence of adequate measures the problem of unemployment can become a potential source of global instability. Squandering of manpower resources as unemployment or a partial employment - the main loss of the world community as a whole, and is especial some countries which spent the big means for formation(education). The high level of unemployment in middle of 90th years signals about presence of large structural problems and political mistakes within the framework of economic. These factors testify to necessity of efficient control changes at all levels, is especial in spheres which directly influence conditions of life of people. In particular, the question on, whether can promote the international migration to the decision of problems of employment and poverty. Today labour markets are internationalized in much smaller degree, than commodity markets or the capital. According to the United Nations, quantity(amount) of people living in the countries where they were not born, changes within the limits of 50-80 million person. It is a little. But in forthcoming decades the international migration can become the important question for the regional and global organizations. It is quite probable, that instead of the "Iron Curtain" dividing(sharing) before the East and the West, on a world(global) stage will appear gold between the North and the South. The advanced countries, probably, should protect own labour markets. Strict measures of regulation as quotas, a different sort of restrictions in reception of citizenship, formation(education), purchase of the property and so forth are required. The important source and conflicts can become also the mass urbanization connected to global demographic, technological and structural changes. Cities already become key elements of a society in scale of the countries and the world as a whole, and also the basic channels of distribution of influence for some reasons. First, supply of cities by the foodstuffs and energy depends in many countries not on local sources, and from import resources. Further, cities are the basic centres of global standardization of consumption, cultures. In them the transnational companies operate most actively. The urbanization, probably, will strengthen process , and cooperation between large cities in political and the plan becomes new area of the international attitudes(relations). with its(her) deep economic, technological and social transformations undoubtedly will affect and on world(global) . And it is a typical problem of universal safety. Till now fault for the general(common) damage to an environment assign to the advanced countries though they cause the basic harm nevertheless to themselves.
It is possible to name some sources of the future conflicts which will arise in connection with use . Struggle for water resources, probably, will be poured out in sharp regional conflicts. The future of tropical woods and consequences of their cutting down already became a subject of deep contentions between the states because of divergences in interests and political ends. As a whole the world any more thoughtlessly does not presume to spend resources, putting an irreparable harm to an inhabitancy. On the other hand, less developed countries have no acceptable decisions in use, for example, power resources, opportunities of development of alternative technologies on transport, in the industry and an agriculture which would allow to avoid erosion , , prodigal use of water resources etc. the Given problems are important and for industrially advanced countries which in this connection have the interests. Coordination of mutual interests at use of natural resources and preservation of ecological balance - a problem(task), which decision becomes check of ability of the countries to cooperation. Mutual interest should prevail over reasons of competitive struggle because of such global consequences, as warming of a climate, radiation, pollution of water pool etc.
Chapter 2. spheres of work in USA
One of the main sources is technological process. The uniform world has arisen on base of qualitatively new computer technologies which have caused new information technologies, and those, in turn, have qualitatively changed a nature of business. 2.1 Computer revolution: influence on sphere of work
