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1. .. On fields of battles of civil war in USA. ?., 1988. With 6
2. U.Z.black people in a history of America. ?., 1955.
3. .. On fields of battles of civil war in USA. ?., 1988. With 7
Business of protection of rights of negros on all white citizens of United States used what, has ceased to be monopoly of singles and small groups. Movement of abolitionists (. . - , liquidators of something, in this case - slaveries), objectively becoming(beginning) an organic part of interests of bourgeoisie of northern staffs(states) for prospering in the south the slavery and large landed property held down development of the country on a capitalist way. For mobilization American and world community against slavery in southern staffs(states) the abolitionist literature and press had huge value. Well-known novel - the Hut of the uncle of Volume (1852) also was transferred(translated) by million circulation to a number(line) of languages, including Russian. In 1848. the mass political party ( - the free ground) has appeared. Acting for slaveries on new territories. But the oligarchy of the South was not going to concede. Moreover, she(it) thirsted to distribute slavery and to territories of other staffs(states) as crisis slaveholding facilities(economy) by then has gone deep, and in reception of the new grounds planters saw the rescue. For this reason the South intently and even angrily has met creation in (February, 1854) the republican party(set) becoming in those years of interests of young national bourgeoisie, and also average and small farmers. Its(her) leaders in the beginning were careful directly to support a cancellation of slavery though did not hide antipathy to it(him) and actively supported his(its) restriction by territories of those staffs(states) where the slavery already existed. Certainly, it is not necessary to understand a situation of those years is simplified: northerners - good, - bad. Representatives of northern bourgeoisie objectively solved for themselves a negro question by way of a gradual cancellation of slavery. But it at all does not mean, that all of them were borrowed(occupied) with needs of the negro population, that they aspired something to help it(him), except for formal translation of negros in other economic category. Similarly to planters, they counted negros unworthy even the minimal rights, intending to give them only visibility of personal freedom. (1) It to the full concerned and to the future president of USA And. To Lincoln. Meanwhile his(its) sights during war have undergone evolution. So, in (September, 1858), standing in the senate from staff(state) of Illinois, Lincoln has expressed against granting to negros of the right of citizenship and has added, that each concrete staff(state) has the right to make negros citizens but if such question will rise in his(its) native Illinois, it(he) will struggle against it. Differently, recognizing slavery the phenomenon unfair, Lincoln did not act then for his(its) administrative cancellation, - especially - for the subsequent granting to negros of suffrages.
(In 1860) events began to develop with increasing speed. In February Lincoln, by then already obvious leader of a republican party(set), has declared, that the government of USA can not is constant to be and and that a full victory of opponents of slavery or his(its) supporters is inevitable. And November, 6 presidential elections on which Lincoln in the voices of 1 866 452 American citizens was elected the president and, according to the constitution of the country were held, the post March, 4 should hold of the next year (later this 4-month's interval have reduced about 2,5 months, till January, 20). (1) The victory of Lincoln and republican party(set) became for slaveholders an original signal to the beginning of actions. Even before elections the public of the South, expecting their similar outcome, widely discussed an opportunity (. . Branches) southern staffs(states).
1. .. On fields of battles of civil war in USA. ?., 1988, with 8-9 Being afraid of it, Lincoln November, 30 wrote to the outstanding politician of the South, future vice-president confederation A. Stefensu: whether Really the population of the South tests fears, what the republican administration is going directly or indirectly to interfere with life of his(its) slaves and it(him)? If it so I want to assure you... That for similar fears there are no bases . (1) But also the moderate doctrine proclaimed by republicans - restriction of slavery by his(its) former territories - did not suit slaveholders. Under the initiative of governor South Carolina U. Gista of authority of southern staffs(states) in October, 1860 have secretly agreed about joint secession of the Union in case of a victory of republicans. After one and a half month after elections, December, 20, South Carolina the first has carried out . Legislators of staff(state), been going(having gathered) in his(its) capital Charleston on emergency convent, have accepted the decree where, in particular, it was declared: the union Existing nowadays between South Carolina and other staffs(states) under the name United States of America hereby is terminated . (1) Example - as well as it was agreed in to confidential correspondence, Mississipi (January, 9, 1861), Florida (January, 10), Alabama (January, II), Georgia (January, 19), Louisiana (January, 26), Texas (February, 1) have followed. Not everywhere the opinion of legislators was unanimous: so, at decision making about Alabama the voices sent pro contra, correspond as 61 and 39, and in Georgia - 208 and 89. ( 1 )
February, 4 representatives of six of separated by then seven staffs(states) (the delegate from the Texas which have just broken away has arrived only February, 13) on convent to Montgomery {staff(state) Alabama); have declared association in slaveholding Confederation which president February, 9 they have chosen large planter Dzheffersona Devisa, being in 1853-1857 Minister of Defence of USA. February, 18 has "officially entered a post. The convent in Montgomery, having proclaimed itself the congress, has accepted also the constitution (February, 8 time, and March, 11 - a constant), "legalized" slavery in the south. (1) War approached inevitably, and the events becoming its(her) beginning, were already developed(unwrapped) Charleston. from structure of the Union, authority of South Carolina have stopped delivery of the foodstuffs to federal garrison in forte , located on northern party(side) to Charleston bays. The actual establishment of blockade and an opportunity of new complications have induced the commander garrison Moultri, 55-years major R.Andersona late at night December, 26 to forward secretly all people in strategically more favourably located fort which was on island in the middle of a bay, at an output(exit) from it(her). Rebels, only in the morning finding out "loss" of garrison of Anderson and his(its) occurrence on , came in fury: you see before they expected for "peace" capitulation of the North. Now all became clearer: wars to not avoid! And position in became simply desperate: stocks of the foodstuffs and potable water (before her(it) delivered from continent) were on outcome. Still president Dzh remaining in the White house. Buchanan has made the gesture showing his(its) readiness to help to people of Anderson: January, 9 the big passenger steamship has come in a bay of Charleston the Star of the West on which there was a foodstuffs for and about 200 soldier for amplification(strengthening) of his(its) garrison. To a unarmed steamship some volleys, it(he) was developed(unwrapped) and has departured. Anderson seeing this stage from walls , has forbidden to support the Star of the West fire: he(it) had instruction of Minister of Defence Dzh. (that secretly sympathized with rebels and last weeks the ministry 15 thousand soldier of federal army from available then at the Union 16 367 has sent to the Distant West, actually put it of them out of action) to avoid any action(share) which would lead to unnecessary aggressions . (1)
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1. Burin S.N. on fields of battles of civil war in USA. ?., 1988, with 9-10 Time went, and day when the newly elected president Lincoln should borrow(occupy) a study in the White house approached. February, 11 it(he) has left to Washington capital of Illinois of Springfield, where veins before. On a way Lincoln stopped in a number of cities, acting with speeches that should promote and to strengthening of his(its) popularity, and an explanation of a position of the future administration concerning position in the country. Soon it(he) has arrived to Washington. March, 4, despite of entreaty of heads of security service (they had serious bases to be afraid of attempts of attempt), Lincoln has risen on a tribune before the unfinished building of the Capitol and - already as the president - has made small speech. The president has called for reconciliation, having told: we not enemies, but friends. We should not be enemies . (1) it has assured southern staffs(states), that all fears concerning possible(probable) threat of their property (what negros - slaves were considered also) and safety on the part of new administration are vain. Lincoln has especially emphasized, that division of USA into two states is unnatural also these new formations(educations), the Union and Confederation, can not be long-term. Speech of the president already nothing could change, but newspapers of the South have published her(it), with surprise having paid attention on brilliant oratorical style of Lincoln and especially having allocated the following words: In yours, instead of in my hands, my dissatisfied compatriots, the important question on civil war. Our government is not going to attack you. You will not have any conflicts if you do not become aggressors. You let's oath destroy this government, and I give, and the most sacred, - to keep, protect and it(him) . (1) The new president at once have entered into all details situations with . March, 9 at a meeting with the study Lincoln has offered ministers to discuss position and to find the optimum decision. Some ministers advised to evacuate a fort in view of impossibility of his(its) protection, others, referring that, under reports of Anderson, in still there were provisions for 28 days, offered to not lift before the expiration of this term a question on evacuation. Has not borrowed(occupied) then the Resolute position and the president. Being afraid something to provoke rebels on opening of military actions, it(he) at the end of March has disposed to direct in a small flotilla under G.Foksa's command, but not for lifting of a blockade, and only for updating warehouses of a fort by stocks of the foodstuffs. Still aspiring to observe formal decencies, Lincoln April, 6 has sent governor South Carolina F. Pikensu the notice on forthcoming operation and its(her) only peace purposes. (1)
