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Formation of authority of staffs(states) Alongside with activity of the Continental congress by the important stage for a way of becoming of the new government there was an election of local assemblies and convents instead of spoiled before colonial administrations. Much at this time was solved under the initiative of the mass democratic organizations freedom , Committees of communication(connection) or safety which have got special influence to middle 70 . They have not lost this influence and after declaration of independence. Activity of assemblies proceeded to a certain extent under the control of Committees of communication(connection) and safety. Gradually assemblies get independence. One of overall objectives of propertying groups consist in that in a name of the statement of own authority to get rid of Committees of communication(connection). According to again accepted Constitutions, each of colonies has developed the control system which a little than differed from former on the structure. The structure of people has changed. Almost in all staffs(states) the chief executive - the governor, instead of the royal protege, who is accountable to his(its) legislative assemblies, or (New York and Massachusetts) are elected direct vote, in this case the governor is less dependent from assembly. In all staffs(states) (except for New York, and South Carolina) the governor is selected for 1 year. As marks G.Vud: "in itself" the idea to many representatives of the left wing has seemed to governor's authority "too monarchic". Measures to restriction of authority of governors therefore were accepted. In a number of staffs(states) restriction for the term of stay of the same person in a post of the governor was entered. In colonial times royal governors were, as a rule, natives of notable English families. After declaration of independence to become the governor, an aristocratic origin it was not required but to have a large condition it was necessary. In a number of staffs(states) this requirement was fixed in Constitutions (South Carolina, Maryland, Massachusetts), in others - carried out in practice, despite lacking the constitutional rules. From 55 person, borrowing(occupying) governor's posts in 13 staffs(states) during 1776 - 1788 about(near) 1/2 - natives from notable family, owners of ground manors and large conditions. Alongside with land owners - mainly rich merchants and lawyers. On D.T.Mejna's words, they have got the large property and were allocated prior to the beginning of movement for independence . not unreasonably believes, that the majority of them would be put forward as political leaders and without revolution . Direct environment and support of governors were the executive advice(councils) specially consisting at them which have inherited functions of advice(councils) at governors of colonial times. In their structure quite often there were casual people. Though in the majority of staffs(states) members of advice(councils) were selected legislative assemblies, in them, as a rule, there were only eminent and solvent people. Term of stay in the rank of a member of advice(council) from 1 till 4 years (in different staffs(states)). During stay at authority members of advice(council) were allocated the important functions . Governors and advice(councils) had large powers, is especial in Massachusetts, New York and South Carolina where the chief executive was allocated according to the Constitution the right veto, allowing to reject the decision of legislative assemblies if by repeated consideration it did not collect 2/3 voices. It corrected subsequently has come in the federal constitution and operates to this day. Conditions a wartime demanded, that the governor as the head of local administration, was allocated real authority which would allow it(him) quickly and operatively to make the necessary decisions. In his(its) submission - forces of militia of staff(state). Constitutions of some staffs(states) provided, that in breaks between sessions of assemblies the governor had the right to enter embargo on trade in term about 1 month. They in the greater degree became responsible(crucial) before people, than their predecessors in the colonial period. Steel is greater Americans by the experience, outlook and career, - D.T.Mejn. The same concerned and to the upper chamber of assemblies of staffs(states) - to the senate. As against the lower chamber - the Houses of Representatives - for those who was selected in the senate, higher property qualification was required. In 10 colonies legislative assemblies consist of 2 chambers. In other the senate at all was not also assembly was unicameral. There, where there was a senate, it(he) consist of representatives of the maximum(supreme) layers of a society - the most solvent and eminent inhabitants of staffs(states). In New Jersey, Maryland and South Carolina this position is fixed by the Constitution. To representatives of social bottoms and even average layers access in the upper chamber is complicated. D.Mejn speaks: if to estimate a place of the upper chambers in a political spectrum of american states, they were located more to the right of the centre. Especially to considerable changes the lower chambers of legislative assemblies have undergone. Though colonists also protected privileges which they used till 1763, only in a course - emancipating struggle they have managed to achieve democratization of political life of America. Basically, the property qualification both for voters and was changed for those who could be elected in structure of assembly. The important attribute of democratization of legislative assemblies - more proportional representation in them inhabitants of various areas of staffs(states). In structure of the lower chambers of legislative assemblies the quantity(amount) of delegates from farmers and handicraftsmen - average-income people has increased. Constitutions had the general(common) features, but in many respects differed from each other, reflecting features of political conditions in various staffs(states). Extremely indicative for conditions of becoming of the new government the picture has developed in Maryland. May, 21, 1776 the local legislative assembly has accepted the resolution according to which its(her) delegates on the Continental congress were recommended to vote against declaration of independence. Though contrary to this instruction delegates of Maryland have supported the Declaration of independence, the majority of political leaders of this colony were adjusted against independence, being afraid, that the branch from England seriously will complicate a domestic situation and will result in disorders. Their worst fears, - American historian R.Hofman, wrote - proved to be true . From an autumn of 1775 disorders in a colony steadily expanded , and after July, 1776 position began to be worsened "especially quickly". From different places messages on growth of mutionus moods among white and black, slaves, , farmers acted. On R.Hofmana's words, political leaders of Maryland have directly felt breath of horror and uncertainty . Threat of popular uprising constantly loomed before their look, and the fear before performance(statement) of bottoms defined(determined) tactics of a ruling class. Characterizing the Constitution accepted in Maryland, D.Mejn has named it(him) the inconsistent document as she(it) set as the purpose to provide the "balanced" management and the control above will of people according to the political concept . As a result of work convent in August - September, 1776 the Constitution added then in November with the declaration of rights was accepted. On given R.Hofmana at a colonial mode owing to a high property qualification of 90 % of the adult man's population deprived rights to borrow(occupy) elective offices. There were such serious restrictions on the right to participate in elections. Speaking about the purposes of political leaders, representatives of "people party" which has headed work on creation of the new government of Maryland and development(manufacture) of the new constitution, R.Hofman marked: that they really wanted, so it is societies of the order, management which would remain in hands of rich and notable people . At elections of delegates to convent which accepted the constitution, political leaders of Maryland were unanimous what participate in voting the persons having a sufficient property qualification can only. Heads of Maryland have achieved extremely the conservative constitution which has fixed authority for large planters. The ruling clique has prepared the report, that the constitution yet is not a guarantee of public calmness. On all territory of Maryland excitements have swept. Fears have proved to be true - the situation was heated, therefore in parallel with discussion of the constitution the convent considers(examines) the Declaration of rights to soften national discontent. For strengthening position of a top, the assembly approves two acts: about change of tax system and about rules of payment of duties which satisfied to a certain extent requirements of bottoms. Virginia - first of the American colonies has accepted the constitution, becoming(beginning) independent staff(state) even before declaration of the Declaration of independence of USA. June, 18, 1775 the convent has approved the Declaration proclaimed the right on life, freedom and the property. The declaration of staff(state) has established, that a basis of new authority is the principle of people's sovereignty, that laws can be accepted and be cancelled only by " representatives of people , elite in assembly. She(it) has proclaimed freedom of a seal, creed and the right of the decision of disputes in a jury. The project of the Declaration was offered rich by the planter and public figure George Mejsonom. June, 29, 1776 the constitution is approved . She(it) had moderate character, reflecting moods of participants of convent, the majority from which were the planters who are not having the slightest desire to run a business to political and a social revolution (on .). Beyond Virginia Pennsylvania has approved the Declaration of rights and the constitution. Only 4 staffs(states) have proclaimed the Declaration of rights in 1776, the others were limited to acceptance of constitutions, having included, the truth, in them regulations about human rights. the Declaration of rights and the constitution were, perhaps, most democratic of all Declarations of rights and constitutions of that time. In Pennsylvania the most radical ideas concerning a policy(politics) and the constitutional authority, proclaimed by revolution have sewed the reflection . It spoke appreciably that elected for development(manufacture) of the constitution the convent on the structure was much more democratic, than in Virginia and other staffs(states). In it(him) fine and average proprietors of " the internal country were widely enough submitted. A principle to not break rights of a private property it was observed piously. But within the framework of bourgeois-democratic norms the constitution appeared the most radical constitution of revolutionary era. the Declaration of rights repeated many positions of the Declaration of rights, composers, undoubtedly, borrowed some positions, but the Declaration of rights has gone much further. It concerned such questions, as: freedom of religious creed, the right of assemblies and a freedom of speech, the right of submission of petitions with the complaint to actions of authorities. The considered examples give sufficient representation how process of becoming of new authority proceeded. It is necessary to notice, that in Rhode Island and Connecticut the former order based on old royal charters was kept. In the rest, process of becoming of the new government proceeded without essential deviations(rejections) from the described Virginia, Pennsylvania and Maryland, except for Massachusetts where around of a question on acceptance of the new constitution there was a long and sharp struggle. The colony of Massachusettses set the fashion in the antiBritish movement, and its(her) capital Boston under the right is considered a cradle of the American revolution. Here there were events. Declarations of independence becoming a source. Massachusetts alongside with Virginia has put forward those people which began in the chapter of USA. Their efforts formed the government and new political institutes. However, the constitution of Massachusetts as it is strange, appeared rather moderate. She(it) reflected, first of all, interests of the propertying layers, aspiring to establish the control above the patriotic organizations and emancipating movement as a whole. During discussion the project of the constitution on convent sharp discussion between representatives of western and east areas was developed(unwrapped). And though on some questions the conciliatory proposal, practically was achieved 1 of the parties(sides) it has not satisfied. Especially resolute repulse of the constitution was given in 1778 by the west. The main object of attacks - a high selective property qualification, and also, absence of guarantees of payment of travelling expenses to deputies of the removed western areas following to a place of sessions at east coast. As a whole results are those, that at voting in the ratio 5 to 1 have expressed against ratification. The constitution has caused obvious disappointment and on east staff(state) though its(her) conditions were more favorable for inhabitants of east areas. After a failure in 1778 of the constitution the decision on convocation of new convent which has decided in September, 1779 accepted to develop the new document, having assigned this mission on again generated commission. The main role in preparation of the project belonged . which represented a moderate wing and adhered to philosophy of " the balanced board , recognizing the sovereignty of people provided that "directly" the authority should be in hands of "elite". The new project of the constitution of Massachusetts was not more democratic, than the project of 1778. The property qualification on the right to choose and be elite remained high enough. And though the new constitution contained a concession to inhabitants of the western areas, having increased their representation in Assembly, she(it) at the same time has ratified prerogatives of the senate and has strengthened rights of executive authority. To tell the truth, as against the project of 1778, the constitution of 1780 contained the Declaration of rights proclaimed the basic civil freedom. The constitution was ratified and has come into force. 4. Clauses(articles) of confederation At the initial stages of revolution when over USA were prevailed with belief that they will exist as association of 13 sovereign political societies, democrats have paid paramount attention constitutions of staffs(states). During war for independence in sharp struggle between opponents and supporters of rights of staffs(states) the victory appeared on the party(side) : the contractual agreement between 13 provinces, known under the name Clauses(articles) of confederation 1781 fixed the sovereignty of staffs(states) in all important spheres of economic, social and political life. The attitude(relation) of ideologists of democratic forces to the central political authority in USA is ambiguous. , Franklin, , - supporters of the strong centralized state. R.G.Li and . - antifederalists. After war for independence it appears among supporters of "wide" interpretation of " Clauses(articles) of confederation , meaning searches of " meant rights continental congress. As to the central authority the constitution of " Clause(article) of confederation which has come into force in 1781 after it was ratified by all staffs(states) was produced . If to speak about the general(common) estimation of " Clauses(articles) of confederation they do not contain legal guarantees, do not give the central authority, that is the congress some serious powers for realization of reforms, do not give levers for effective management of the country. In conditions a wartime vital were mobilization material and manpower resources for successful struggle against enemy army. For the central authority - the congress on which share the decision of this question has dropped out, it(he) appeared too complex(difficult). Means and methods to which the congress in the economic and financial policy(politics), were in many respects indicative for a condition and character of the government of USA of the period of war for independence. Right at the beginning of war market conditions in former English colonies have developed favorably, and down to an autumn of 1776 economic rise proceeded as a result of increase of demand at a lot of the goods which the army required. However subsequently position began to vary. Winter of 1776-78 has brought serious difficulties, having served as a turning point in an economic situation of the American republic. The new state tested sharp shortage in means which, among other, were necessary were and on the maintenance(contents) of the congress and other bodies of the central authority formed at it(him). The largest charges were caused by necessity of purchase of the weapon, military equipment and the foodstuffs, and also payment of the salaries to soldiers and officers. To receive necessary means, the congress to mass release of paper money. The former monetary unit - the English pounds sterling - was rejected. Was solved to let out own money - dollars which cost was equated to the Spanish dollar. To lift value of paper money, the congress has accepted the decision that they necessarily should be accepted at any payments, taking on the staff payment of taxes in. Loans abroad - 3 million dollars in hard currency which have gone on purchase of arms and ammunition also were taken. The question on a financial policy(politics) of the congress was one of the reasons of sharp political disagreements between the left and right wing of emancipating movement. As a result of constant struggle in the congress concerning the financial and economic policy(politics) reflecting the contradictions between various social groups of USA, the impasse was created. Supporters of strong central authority were for reform of financial department of USA, having achieved purpose(assignment) for a post of his(its) head of the representative large Robert Morrisa's merchant class, one of leaders of a conservative grouping in the congress. Complexity of position of the central authority and difficulty of realization of the rate conceived , consist that a public opinion and, first of all, weight of the needy population with suspicion concerned to their activity. Besides, actions of the central authority had no under themselves a strong lawful support. The constitutional order created by " Clauses(articles) of confederation , was those, that the conservative wing finally could not fix the domination, constantly being exposed to pressure on the part of democratic elements. Such position was kept during all war. D.Fergjuson marks, that Clauses(articles) of confederation emphasized prerogatives of local authorities, in particular, their right to enter taxes which was the most important . This important remark shows dependence of the congress on staffs(states) which seriously complicated his(its) actions on mobilization of material resources for conducting war. The central government had the certain powers which it used for regulation of economic and financial life of the country, but they were obviously insufficient and constantly came in collision with a policy(politics) of staffs(states). Clauses(articles) of confederation were in many respects inconsistent and had ambiguous character. The first the constitution was a fruit of the compromise dictated by conditions a wartime and designed for maintenance of certain balance between central and the local authorities. For the first time the plan Clauses(articles) of confederation and the constant union was offered by the representative of revolutionary forces of the congress B.Franklinom in July, 1775. However, under influence of deputies of the conservative wing which has acted then against declaration of independence, B.Frankilina's offer was rejected. Secondary unsuccessful attempt to put for discussion of congress clause(article) of confederation was made half-year after, in January, 1776. Position has changed only after declaration of independence. In July, 1776 the convent has started discussion of " Clauses(articles) of confederation which in part included the plan of Franklin and were produced by the special commission consisting of representatives of all of 13 staffs(states). The parity(ratio) of forces in convent to this time in the radical image has changed. The deputies of the right wing acting before against association of colonies and acceptance of the uniform constitution, were compelled to take now completely other position. After independence became the fact and the authority of the British crown protecting at all its(her) minuses position of the propertied classes, was liquidated, representatives of these classes have shown concern in creating to it(her) equivalent replacement as the central government having sufficient force of compulsion . On the contrary, the left radical wing of the congress now considered, that after declaration of independence necessity for association was disappeared also with centralization will be an obstacle in a way of democratization of political authority and liquidation of despotic board. That between staffs(states) the contradictions sometimes resulting(bringing) to serious took place, also, was essential. First of all, it were contradictions between southern slaveholding staffs(states) and New England. All our misfortunes result from one source - from the negative attitude(relation) of southern colonies to the republican government, - John Adams wrote to the American general Gates. Attitudes(relations) between staffs(states) were complicated also their rivalry because of the western grounds and a competition between various groups of bourgeoisie. At last, the opposition of centralization resulted from deeply taken roots separatism caused by unwillingness of ruling groups in a number of staffs(states) to renounce even by a particle of the authority for the benefit of the central authority. Besides despite of the cultural to this time cultural and economic generality of colonies, life of each of them still it was appreciably detached, remaining a source of the centrifugal phenomena. As an illustration characteristic record can serve in John Adamsa's diary to this: Philadelphia with all its(her) trade, riches and correctness - all the same not Boston. The morals of our inhabitants is much better; their manners are more graceful and are pleasant; they are more similar to Englishmen; at us correct language, is better taste, more beautiful people; we surpass others spiritually, our laws are more reasonable, our religion more , at us the best formation(education) . The colony of Massachusettses of D.Adams named not differently, as our country , and its(her) delegation in congress our embassy . And in this respect it(he) did not represent exception. His(its) cousin Samjuel Adams, various political views from D.Adamsom, considered, that each colony should have within the limits of borders of own territory sovereign and nobody controllable authority . Federalist Fisher Ejms even more was definitely expressed: we look at other staffs(states) with indifference, frequently with hatred, fear and apathy . However, alongside with the factors, braking development of strong authority, a positive role have played successful end of war against England, struggle against counterrevolutionary elements, necessity of search of allies on international scene - all this demanded creation of the strong central government. Under pressure of these circumstances the congress has accepted Clauses(articles) of confederation which became the first constitution of USA in 1777. Ratification of this constitution by each of staffs(states) was coming. Procedure was strongly tightened(delayed), having borrowed(occupied) about 3,5 years. Only March, 1, 1781 Clauses(articles) of confederation have found force of the law. According to Clauses(articles) of confederation the congress consist of 1 chamber, deputies were selected annually. Posts of the president as this constitution yet has not founded the chief executive. Acceptance of the constitution had positive value, but association of staffs(states) carried while substantially symbolical character as the central authority remained the weakest. Clauses(articles) of confederation kept behind many staffs(states) the full sovereignty on the majority of questions. The congress had no right to enter duties and taxes, his(its) attempts in 1781 and 1782 to achieve expansion of the rights in this area have not crowned success. The decision of some questions which were included into the competence of the congress, was caused by necessity of the consent of 9 staffs(states) from 13. In essence, authorities of staffs(states) remained full owners and decisions of the congress had for them frequently only advisory character. Weakness of the central authority had fatally an effect for a condition of armed forces. U.Foster: at presence of the strong centralized army war could be won not for some years. And for half-year . To number of serious lacks of the constitution of 1777: she(it) did not bring any changes in position of working weights, left deprived of civil rights negros and Indians. Opponents of the American independence were not slow to take advantage of this circumstance. Playing that the English government forbade to inhabitants of colonies to move for , Englishmen convinced Indians, that only they ostensibly care of their interests, and the government of USA will grasp the grounds and will not stop before utter annihilation of Indians. This propaganda appeared not vain: England has managed to decline the majority tribes to act on the party(side). The negro question was especially indicative in this respect. Objectively destruction of slavery was 1 of the central problems(tasks) of revolution of 1776. It speaks that becoming of capitalism in Staffs(states) - the basic process put in the agenda by revolution - could not occur successfully on basis of slaveholding system, - spoke U.Z.Foster in work Negro people in a history of America . However, in practice the slavery was not destroyed. The cancellation of slavery went in a cut(section) with interests of planters - slaveholders and those circles of the American bourgeoisie which were connected with . The bourgeoisie of the north, proceeding from interests of maintenance of unity with southern colonies, has conceded in this question and did not insist on a cancellation of slavery. Negros addressed to the congress with petitions about clearing: they are allocated the same abilities, that their owners, and that the slavery is incompatible to the Declaration of independence . Clauses(articles) of confederation continued to lean(base) on structure and the circuit of work of the government, accepted on 2 continental congress under Clauses(articles) of confederation the plan of the central government is simple enough, it(he) in includes single chamber or the congress. They did not include such executive branch, as the president. 1 delegate from staff(state). There is no federal judicial system, debates among staffs(states). The congress had only such powers which are determined by " Clauses(articles) of confederation basically, legislative. All other rights - independent staffs(states).